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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Status and key indicators
…body. It defines statistical methodologies, conducts national surveys and collects and processes data for Moldova’s energy balance, which are shared with the International Energy Agency and Eurostat. The National Agency for Research and Development (NARD) oversees research and innovation policies, including European Union research programmes such as Horizon Europe. NARD supports energy-related initiatives by funding projects, fostering partnerships and promoting international collaboration to advance energy research and technology. Energy strategy and objectives Moldova passed legally binding legislation in April 2024 that commits the country to achieving net zero emissions by 2050. In addition to setting this target, Law…
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Electricity Market Design Executive summary
…and market design must evolve with them Electricity systems are undergoing rapid structural change, increasing the need for market frameworks that keep pace with evolving operational and investment requirements and possibilities. Electricity is central to modern economies, and its role is expanding as consumption patterns shift, digitalisation accelerates, energy systems decentralise, and variable resources grow. Across major regions, these trends are increasing the complexity of real-time operations and reshaping investment dynamics. Short-term and seasonal flexibility needs are projected to grow faster than demand over the next decade, while electrification in many sectors is strengthening the dependence of households…
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Ukraine’s Energy Security A pre-winter assessment
Ukraine’s energy sector continues to be a major target of Russian missile and drone attacks As Ukraine enters its fourth winter of the war, energy infrastructure continues to be targeted by Russian attacks. Ukraine’s natural gas and power infrastructure remain vulnerable, with an increasing number of missiles and drones striking critical plants and pipelines. At the same time, evolving tactics and technologies are present a persistent challenge for Ukraine’s air and passive defences.Energy security is central to Ukraine’s overall security. Ensuring that Ukrainian citizens retain access to heat and power is of the utmost importance…
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The State of Energy Innovation 2026 Executive summary
…geothermal development – a long-term project with high risks that is now starting to translate into major investments – governments funded nearly all the initial work from the 1970s to the 2010s.Cost-benefit evaluations typically show that the economic benefits of public energy R&D are far greater – even a hundredfold larger – than their costs. The most complete retrospective evaluations of this kind followed several multi-decade US programmes up to 2015. These programmes generated benefits to the US economy at least three times greater than their costs, including fuel expenditure savings, lower prices for energy equipment and higher s...
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The Value of Demand Flexibility Executive summary
…on fossil fuels during peak periods, demand flexibility can lower the carbon intensity of the power system by shifting consumption away from peak hours, when emissions are generally higher, sometimes by as much as 70% compared to off-peak times.These benefits are increasingly important as energy systems evolve. Three trends are driving the need for increased demand flexibility:Rising electricity consumption and changing patterns are creating new peaks and straining power systems. Global electricity demand increased by more than 4% in 2024 and is set to continue rising as economies grow and sectors electrify. Peak demand is outpacing average…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Supply chain risks and industrial competitiveness
Supply chain risks Supply chain security remains a challenge: Clean energy technology manufacturing is highly geographically concentrated, with China as the main supplier in most supply chain stages. China accounts for around 85% of solar and 80% of lithium-ion battery supply chain production capacity, and even higher shares for PV wafers (95%) and anode materials (97%). Cybersecurity considerations further enhance the importance of addressing security of supply. An “N-1” assessment, which models the impact of losing the largest exporter in each supply chain, shows that for the final downstream stages of most of the four technologies examined – solar…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Supply
…4%, or 29 Mt. However, the largest gains came from captive and commercial mines, which expanded 31%, producing an additional 44 Mt. Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL), the second largest producer in India, experienced a decline of 2.5 Mt.Indonesia, the world’s third-largest producer, increased output by 8% to 836 Mt, supported by high domestic demand and increasing export volumes, particularly to China. In Australia, production increased around 3% to 475 Mt, despite heavy rainfalls in the beginning of the year. The United States saw a 11% drop, mainly due to a halt in the stock building in 2024. Mongolia…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit The Energy Efficiency Policy Package
The Energy Efficiency Policy Package
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Electric vehicle batteries
…EV. Emerging markets and developing economies other than China continued to represent only a small share of global battery demand, reaching nearly 5% in 2024. Nevertheless, their share has doubled since 2022, underpinned by sustained growth in Southeast Asia, India and Brazil. Outlook for battery demand Electric vehicle battery demand jumps more than threefold by 2030 EV battery demand continues to grow, and is expected to reach more than 3 TWh in 2030 in the STEPS, up from about 1 TWh in 2024. While electric cars will remain the primary driver of battery demand, other modes are set to gain market share. Notably…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Trade
…In contrast, Russia’s thermal coal trade faced headwinds. Western sanctions, logistical disruptions, and declining profitability contributed to a significant decline in Russian thermal coal exports.Global trade in metallurgical coal reached an all-time high of 369 Mt in 2024, supported by strong demand from key steel-producing countries in Asia. Australia, the world’s largest exporter of metallurgical coal, maintained stable export volumes at 153 Mt. Mongolia, the second-largest exporter, recorded a 5% increase, reaching 56 Mt, with all volumes directed to the Chinese market. The United States and Russia increased exports by 11% each to 52 Mt…