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World Energy Outlook 2025 Current Policies Scenario
…similar to the average annual increase over the last decade: global industrial output, appliance ownership and demands for mobility all increase, while energy efficiency gains are modest. Demand for oil rises to 113 million barrels per day by 2050, mainly due to its increased use in emerging market and developing economies for road transport, petrochemical feedstocks, and aviation. Electric vehicle (EV) uptake stalls in regions lacking strong policy support: China and Europe are the main exceptions, and they see continued growth in EV sales. Global natural gas demand rises to 5 600 billion cubic metres by 2050: demand in the Middle East increases…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Deployment of clean energy technologies, materials and fuels
Outlook Many clean energy technologies are increasingly cost-competitive and growing strongly. Their aggregate market value has grown 20% on average per year since 2015 to reach nearly USD 1.2 trillion. Some 80% of global solar PV and wind generation now occurs at lower levelised costs than for coal or gas. Battery prices have dropped 75% since 2015, pushing electric car sales to around 25% share in 2025. Deployment increases in all IEA scenarios: in the Current Policies Scenario (CPS), their global market value nearly doubles to around USD 2 trillion in 2035, greater than the oil market in…
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Electricity 2026 Executive summary
Electricity demand is set to grow strongly through 2030 as the Age of Electricity takes hold Global electricity demand is forecast to increase at a brisk average annual rate of 3.6% over the 2026-2030 forecast period, supported by rising consumption from industry, electric vehicles, air conditioning and data centres. Worldwide electricity demand grew by 3% year-on-year in 2025. This followed growth of 4.4% in 2024, when intense heat waves and strong industrial activity in many regions boosted electricity use. Looking ahead, annual demand growth over the next five years is set to be 50% higher…
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Renewables 2025 Renewable transport
…China and Europe as renewable electricity generation increases and electric vehicle fleets expand.Liquid biofuels make up most of the remainder, with biofuel demand growth concentrated in Brazil (40%), Indonesia (20%), India (15%), Europe (10%) and Canada (7%), where biofuel support policies become more stringent over the forecast period. Total biofuel demand in 2030 has been revised 10% upwards from our last forecast, largely reflecting increased transport fuel demand in the United States, Brazil, Indonesia and India. Sustainable aviation fuel consumption is expected to expand from 1 billion litres (0.04 EJ) in 2024 to 9 billion litres (0.31 EJ…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Policies
…5 000 policy records as of November 2025 and inventories the most up-to-date policies for 85 countries in the IEA’s Policies and Measures Database. It captures regulations, government spending programmes and framework policies by bringing together regular updates from the IEA’s stand-alone global methane tracker, critical mineral policy tracker, government energy spending tracker. This policy information has been collected from governments, partner organisations and IEA analysis. Governments have an opportunity to review the policy information periodically. IEA Global Energy Policies Hub Access assumptions and IEA SDG7 tracker The International Energy Agency is at the forefront of g...
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Net Zero Emissions by 2050
…biogases, low-emissions hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels – are widely deployed: their use more than quadruples by 2035 from current levels. Methane emissions are cut by more than 80% by 2035. Global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were 38 gigatonnes (Gt) in 2024. In the NZE Scenario, emissions fall by nearly 55% by 2035 to around 18 Gt. Yet, the increase in long-term global average temperature exceeds 1.5 °C around 2030 and peaks at around 1.65 °C about 2050. The NZE Scenario achieves the COP28 goals of doubling efficiency and tripling renewables capacity by 2030, and it meets the Paris Agreement goal…
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COP28 Tripling Renewable Capacity Pledge 2025: Update Key Findings
…of submissions (170 GW).In contrast, analysis of existing policies, plans and estimates for 189 countries corresponds to renewable capacity reaching 8 355 GW in 2030, five times the level reflected in NDCs. China’s renewable ambition is the highest globally, followed by Europe and the Asia Pacific region, all three together accounting for 80% of the global total. Solar PV is the leading technology in 2030 renewables ambitions. However, despite higher ambitions emerging from national policies, a significant ambition gap with the tripling pledge remains. One hundred-plus countries took policy action over the last year, with half increasing their renewable ambitions…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production highlights
Highlights Hydrogen production reached almost 100 Mt in 2024, but less than 1% was based on low-emissions hydrogen technologies. Based on announced projects, low-emissions hydrogen could reach 37 Mtpa by 2030, a reduction from the 49 Mtpa estimated in the Global Hydrogen Review 2024 (GHR-24).More projects are reaching final investment decision (FID), although the total production capacity reaching this stage in 2024 remained at the same level as in 2023. Persisting technical and regulatory barriers, financial obstacles and challenges in securing reliable offtake, in particular, continue to delay and occasionally completely stall project progress.Despite announced delays and cancellations…
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Renewables 2021 Renewable electricity
…is driving our forecast upward Globally, we anticipate renewable capacity to expand by over 1 800 GW, or over 60%, in our main case forecast to 2026, accounting for almost 95% of the increase in total power capacity worldwide. Overall, People’s Republic of China (hereafter ‘China’) remains the leader, accounting for 43% of global growth, followed by Europe, the United States and India. These four markets alone provide almost 80% of renewable capacity expansion worldwide. We have revised the forecast up from last year, with China alone accounting for about 60% of the revision. For China, last year’s forecast reflected…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Implications of CPS and STEPS
…reason. By 2035, electricity is responsible for around 25% of total final consumption in both scenarios, compared with 21% today. By then, around half of global economic output depends directly on electricity, and peaks in demand are rising, exacerbated by periods of extreme heat that push up cooling use. Both scenarios show a more complex electricity system in which the increasing use of electricity underlines the vital and growing importance of electricity security. A new IEA dataset shows that extreme weather events caused operational disruptions to critical energy infrastructure and power outages to 210 million households in 2023. Extreme temperatures driving…