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Gas Market Report, Q3-2025 Executive summary
…gas exports to the European Union, slower growth in liquefied natural gas (LNG) output and higher storage injection needs in Europe. This supported higher natural gas prices in key import markets and weighed on natural gas demand in Asia. Meanwhile, geopolitical tensions continued to fuel price volatility. The conflict between Israel and Iran was a stark reminder that geopolitical factors can easily strain a fragile global gas balance. The IEA continues to closely monitor developments in the Middle East.Following an expected slowdown in 2025, natural gas demand growth is forecast to accelerate in 2026, sending total demand to a…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Supply
…In Australia, production increased around 3% to 475 Mt, despite heavy rainfalls in the beginning of the year. The United States saw a 11% drop, mainly due to a halt in the stock building in 2024. Mongolia’s production jumped by 21% as Chinese import demand strengthened. South African production increased by 1%, as power outages impacted growth of domestic coal demand. Despite sluggish coal demand, 2025 is set to be another record year for coal production In 2025, we expect global coal production to rise slightly to 9.2 Bt, setting a new record. This increase is once again led…
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Pathways to global EV cost-competitiveness
Highlights The gap in competitiveness in electric car manufacturing between new market-entrants located in China and incumbents in other countries has grown in the past 5 years. Battery electric car production costs are over 30% lower in China than in advanced economies, and around a third of the difference can be attributed to the battery. However, a similar production cost gap exists for conventional cars. Battery cell prices are, on average, over 30% lower in China than in Europe and over 20% lower than in the United States. Reducing the manufacturing cost gap is possible – half is due to efficiency…
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Overcoming barriers to abatement
There are gaps in financing, data and capacity Tackling methane emissions from fossil fuel operations represents one of the fastest and lowest-cost opportunities to reduce greenhouse emissions globally. Almost all the available methane abatement measures across the energy sector would be cost-effective to deploy in the presence of a greenhouse gas emissions price of about USD 20/tCO2‑eq. Several factors explain why methane emission reduction measures have not been deployed more widely. For example, companies could be unaware of the scale of the problem or the available solutions. There may be higher-profile opportunities competing for investment resources, or…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Five key questions about hydrogen
…emissions hydrogen and conventional fossil-based alternatives, in both traditional applications like refining, and emerging applications such as steel, shipping and aviation. However, strategic policy interventions could unlock substantial demand in the near term. Key opportunities include focusing on existing hydrogen uses where technology barriers are lower, leveraging public procurement power, and implementing holistic policy frameworks that incorporate offtake requirements.International transport regulations hold promise, with frameworks from the International Maritime Organization potentially boosting shipping fuel demand. Traditional hydrogen applications represent immediate “low-hanging fruit”, while private sector initiatives can create lead markets among consumers willing to pay small premi...
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Energy technology manufacturing and trade
Recent trends Global investment in manufacturing capacity for six clean energy technologies – solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, batteries, electric vehicles (EVs), electrolysers and heat pumps – dropped below USD 200 billion in 2024, down from nearly USD 220 billion in 2023. This downwards trend is estimated to have continued in 2025, mainly due to weaker solar PV and wind manufacturing investment in China. The United States and the European Union are estimated to have accounted for around 30% of global manufacturing investment combined in 2025, up from 15% in 2023, marginally increasing global supply chain diversification. After dipping in 2024, global trade in clean energy technologies recovered in…
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Electricity 2026 Supply
Renewables and nuclear keep growing and setting records Global electricity generation will reach multiple new milestones in our 2026-2030 forecast period. This is particularly the case for low-emissions generation sources – renewables and nuclear – which will continue expanding and setting new records. Renewable energy is now outpacing coal, with nuclear generation simultaneously reaching historic highs. Constrained by growth in low-emissions sources, coal-fired generation globally is forecast to record slight declines, where demand growth through 2030 will be met by renewables, natural gas and nuclear. While trends for individual fuels vary by region, a common theme is the…
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World Energy Investment 2025 How we track investment in energy
…governments, or individuals to acquire a piece of equipment that is more efficient than the local market average. Due to the different possible methodologies available, this estimate of energy efficiency investment is not definitive but still included to provide a comparison with the scale of investment in energy supply. Fossil fuel and power sector investments are those that raise or replace energy supply, while energy efficiency are counted as those that reduce energy demand.Investment estimates are derived from International Energy Agency (IEA) data for energy demand, supply and trade, and estimates of unit capacity costs, analysis of which benefits…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Regulating the sector
Regulation plays a critical role in accelerating the adoption of heat pumps. This chapter discusses the range of regulatory tools available to Moldova, including building codes, appliance standards, restrictions on fossil fuel heating, energy labelling and heat planning or zoning measures. Building codes and standards Buildings remain a major source of emissions and energy consumption around the world. In Moldova, households are by far the country’s biggest users of energy. Upgrades to building performance through energy codes are critical for lowering energy demand per square metre, as well as improving quality of life, reducing air pollution and making energy…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Trade and infrastructure
Trade remains a key driver of low-emissions hydrogen projects, and would underpin over 40% of announced volumes by 2030 if all projects materialise. Less than 8% of this, around 1 Mtpa H₂-eq (hydrogen equivalent), comes from projects that are operational, in construction, or have committed investments, compared with around 16% across the overall project pipeline.First shipments of low-emissions hydrogen are taking place, enabling trials of logistics and certification approaches. Long-term bilateral contracts dominate, particularly for ammonia and ammonia-derived fertilisers, while hot briquetted iron (HBI) is gaining prominence.Announced hydrogen pipeline projects, including new and repurposed natural…
