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Coal 2025 Prices and costs
Prices Coal prices averaging lower in 2025 than in previous years After unprecedented prices in 2021 and 2022 amid the energy crisis, coal prices continued to be higher than the pre-Covid levels throughout 2023 and 2024. Prices for different coal qualities generally move in tandem, as partial substitution is possible. Thermal coal is mainly consumed in power generation and in this section is classified into low-CV (CV below 4 200 kcal/kg), mid-CV (CV between 4 200 kcal/kg and 5 700 kcal/kg) and high-CV (CV above 5 700 kcal/kg) categories. In some cases, direct substitution between grades is feasible, and blending…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Building the market
This chapter focuses on driving consumer and industrial demand for heat pumps while building a base of manufacturers and installers. It discusses energy pricing, including taxes and levies on electricity and gas, carbon pricing and other types of instruments to encourage the deployment of heat pumps in Moldova. Communication A main barrier identified during stakeholder consultations for this study was a lack of consumer knowledge and experience with heat pumps. This is an issue that should be addressed upfront, as it can result in uncertainty about the operation of heat pumps and spreading of misinformation about their applications or limits…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Air transport fuels
Jet fuel demand accounts for around 7% of global oil demand. Jet fuel markets look to be particularly vulnerable to an extended loss of Middle East production and exports, given limited flexibility elsewhere to increase output. 8. Avoid air travel where alternative options exist Description: Travel for work accounts for a large share (between 20% and 40%) of aviation activity. In many cases, travel for work can be temporarily substituted by virtual meetings. A reduction of around 40% of flights taken for work purposes is feasible in the short term, while maintaining productivity.Impact: Very high voluntary participation to work…
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Present and future prospects of electric car manufacturing
Highlights New market-entrants focusing on electric car production are expanding rapidly. Pure-play electric car makers, especially those from China and US-based Tesla, are capturing a growing share of sales; some 45% of global electric car sales in 2024 are from pure-play electric car makers, compared to 35% in 2019. The growth in electric car sales affects both car makers and automotive suppliers, especially those producing powertrains and related components. The automotive supplier market is worth about USD 1.3 trillion, equivalent to over 40% of the global car market. For all components except batteries, companies from…
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Ukraine’s Energy Security As Ukraine heads into another heating season, six measures can help improve energy security
…with international partners – such as the Energy Community's Energy Support Fund and the G7+ Energy Coordination Group, to speed up deliveries and sourcing. Adjusting funding mechanisms to cover not only equipment, but also delivery, installation and technical adaptation, would also close key gaps. Additionally, accumulating stocks of spare parts and vehicles would allow Ukraine to flexibly respond to shifting attack patterns. Strategic stockpiles, both in Ukraine and neighbouring countries, could expedite the delivery of emergency equipment while ensuring that not all stockpiles could be targeted. Finally, stronger coordination between Ukraine’s energy sector stakeholders and the State Customs Service…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Cement and concrete
…as material efficiency and increased use of SCMs – when paired with CCS – could potentially lower the cost of the transition. Deployment Since last year, capacity for near-zero emissions cement by 2030 has grown by 30% to about 35 Mt, driven by new projects and greater clarity on how 3 Mt of announced near-zero emissions capable capacity would operate, leading to its re-allocation.Capacity for the remaining near-zero emissions capable projects remained unchanged at 7 Mt.Despite this progress, the project pipeline falls short of the pace of the NZE Scenario by 2030. Closing the gap will require collaborative efforts…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Energy and AI AI and energy security
…organisations, obtain deeper access to target networks, and for malicious scripting and evasion techniques. In view of these evolving threats, the deployment of more proactive AI-enabled cybersecurity systems that are quick to respond to threats is critical for ensuring the resilience of the energy sector. Upskilling, threat mapping and expertise sharing will be essential for keeping the energy sector ahead of the curve The security of energy sector supply chains for AI Securing the supply of affordable and reliable power for data centres is at the heart of the challenge of energy for AI. In particular, the growing ex...
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Global Hydrogen Review 2024 Progress summary dashboard
Note: 2024e = Estimated based on announced projects. FID = Final Investment Decision.
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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Policy recommendations and milestones
…from its dependence on imported fossil fuels.In the summary below, the recommendations offered in this roadmap have been grouped into three categories to help the government prioritise its actions effectively and ensure a systematic transition toward low-carbon mobility. Each category reflects the level of urgency, impact and feasibility of the proposals:Critical Measures: These are high-priority actions essential for achieving energy and transport policy goals. They require immediate implementation and will have the greatest impact on emissions reduction, infrastructure development and regulatory frameworks.Important Measures: While not as urgent, these actions are necessary for long- term success…
