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Ukraine’s Energy Security A pre-winter assessment
…country’s electricity generation capacity. Ukraine’s electricity security continues to benefit from the sector’s interconnection with the European grid following its synchronisation in March 2022. This integration has proven vital, enabling imports during peak demand periods while allowing exports that help stabilise Ukraine’s grid and generate revenues when domestic generation is sufficient. In 2024, Ukraine imported a record 4 436 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electricity, reflecting the extensive damage to its domestic generation capacity. In the first nine months of 2025, import levels declined as generation capacity gradually recovered, and Ukraine became a net electricity exporter b...
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Supply chain risks and industrial competitiveness
Supply chain risks Supply chain security remains a challenge: Clean energy technology manufacturing is highly geographically concentrated, with China as the main supplier in most supply chain stages. China accounts for around 85% of solar and 80% of lithium-ion battery supply chain production capacity, and even higher shares for PV wafers (95%) and anode materials (97%). Cybersecurity considerations further enhance the importance of addressing security of supply. An “N-1” assessment, which models the impact of losing the largest exporter in each supply chain, shows that for the final downstream stages of most of the four technologies examined – solar…
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Senegal
In Senegal, 65% of the population has access to electricity. Strong policies and incentives have supported liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) use and less than 25% of the urban population now relies on solid biomass for cooking.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Financing CCUS at Scale Executive summary
…years alone, particularly in Europe and North America, and in key sectors including transport and storage, industry, and power. Investment has grown more than 15-fold since 2020, reaching over USD 5 billion in 2025. The pipeline of projects currently under construction suggests that after years of incremental capacity additions, operational capture capacity is set to nearly double by 2030 – and even more projects are at the planning stage.These developments represent significant milestones for a sector in which projects are complex, difficult to finance and faced with unique risks. At its core, the challenge for CCUS is commercial viability. In contrast…
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Renewables 2021 Biofuels
Forecast summary Global demand for biofuels is set to grow by 41 billion litres, or 28%, over 2021-2026 in the main case. The recovery to pre-Covid-19 demand levels accounts for one-fifth of this demand growth. Government policies are the principal driver of the remaining expansion, but other factors such as overall transport fuel demand, costs and specific policy design influence where growth occurs and which fuels grow quickest. The combination of these influences pushes Asian biofuel production past that of Europe during the forecast period. Policies in the United States and Europe help demand for renewable…
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Renewables 2021 Renewable heat
Recent trends Global progress on conversion to renewable heat has been limited Heat is the world’s largest energy end use, accounting for almost half of global final energy consumption in 2021, significantly more than electricity (20%) and transport (30%). Industrial processes are responsible for 51% of the energy consumed for heat, while another 46% is consumed in buildings for space and water heating, and, to a lesser extent, cooking. The remainder is used in agriculture, primarily for greenhouse heating. Global heat demand declined by 2% in 2020, primarily due to the curtailment of economic activity as a result of…
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Oil Market Report - April 2026
The April edition of the IEA’s Oil Market Report is exceptionally provided free of charge in an abridged format.For access to the full report, subscribers can visit their Products page.The IEA Oil Market Report (OMR) is one of the world's most authoritative and timely sources of data, forecasts and analysis on the global oil market – including detailed statistics and commentary on oil supply, demand, inventories, prices and refining activity, as well as oil trade for IEA and selected non-IEA countries. Listen to the most recent episode of the Everything Energy podcast with senior oil market analysts…
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Coal 2025 Supply
…previous years, US output has risen to 473 Mt, driven by policy measures that improved mine economics and supported unit availability. The European Union is expected to maintain a constant output level of 242 Mt, centred on lignite to meet power generation needs, although its structural decline persists.Over the forecast horizon, global coal production is expected to decline gradually from the 2025 level, trending down to 8 641 Mt by 2030. The reduction is led by China, although it comes with uncertainties, followed by smaller but more certain declines in the European Union and the United States, as phase-out schedules and cost pressures accelerate. However…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Myanmar
In Myanmar, a steep increase in the share of gas-fired power generation reflects a push to take advantage of its abundant domestic resources. The country however has ample scope to rely on renewables in its electrification strategy.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Trade and infrastructure
…only 9% of this length is operational or has a committed investment. Since GHR-25, operational and committed hydrogen pipeline length has increased by 70%. Activity remains concentrated in Europe and China, which saw major milestones in 2025, as China began construction of the world’s longest hydrogen pipeline, and Germany completed the world’s longest repurposing of a natural gas pipeline.Announced underground hydrogen storage projects could provide 11 TWh of capacity by 2035 (335 kt H₂), but just over 7% has reached final investment decision (FID) or is under construction, equivalent to 0.6% of the estimated throughput from committed low…
