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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Regional insights
Central and South America The fossil fuel sector in Central and South America emitted around 8 Mt of methane in 2024, about 45% of which were from oil and gas facilities in Venezuela. Oil and gas facilities are the main sources of methane emissions in Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil, and coal mines are the largest source in Colombia.The upstream methane emissions intensity of oil and gas operations in Venezuela is six times the global average, and its flaring intensity is ten times the global average. Operations in Argentina and Ecuador are around twice the global average, while Brazil and Colombia…
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Coal 2025 Demand
…2030 Global coal demand in 2024 is estimated to have reached 8 805 Mt, an increase of 1.5% on the previous year. Growth was concentrated in Asia, while advanced economies continued their structural decline in consumption. Power sector coal use remained the dominant driver, supported by seasonal factors and hydropower variability, while non-power coal demand held broadly stable. China and India accounted for 71% of global consumption, reinforcing the eastward shift in demand.For 2025, global coal demand is projected to reach 8 845 Mt, setting a new record. The increase of around 40 Mt compared with 2024 is very similar to the…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Critical Mineral Traceability for Energy and Economic Security Executive summary
…requirements linked to responsible production and conditions attached to public finance and procurement.The IEA and the OECD conducted a joint survey on traceability with more than 80 respondent companies active in critical mineral supply chains. Based on insights from the survey, this report sets out the current state of play and identifies priority actions to strengthen the role of traceability in supporting energy and economic security. The OECD is set to release a separate report on the role of traceability in supporting resilient and responsible supply chains.Companies have begun implementing traceability systems, but uptake remains uneven across minerals…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Supply chain risks and industrial competitiveness
…most non-Chinese demand in 2024. Yet each of these supply chains contains several steps where production outside the largest exporter is not sufficient to meet demand, and at least one step where it covers less than one-quarter. A supply chain is only as secure as its weakest link. No major change in the security of global clean energy technology supply chains is likely before the end of the current decade, based on committed manufacturing and mining projects and projected market trends based on today’s stated policy settings. The impact of Chinese clean energy technology manufacturing companies extends…
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Financing the Modernisation of Power Systems Beyond Coal Executive summary
…to remain important for system adequacy, reliability and energy security. Recent disruptions in gas markets have reinforced this role, with governments in Southeast Asia increasing coal-fired power generation to maintain electricity supply and manage fuel supply risks.If operated for typical lifetimes and utilisation rates, the existing worldwide coal fleet would emit 330 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon dioxide (CO2) to 2100 – more than the historical emissions to date of all coal-fired power plants that have ever operated. Countries across developing Asia have added over 1 450 gigawatts (GW) of coal power since 2000. In 2024, the region accounted for nearly three…
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Prices: Trends in wholesale markets differ across regions
…compared to 2025.Negative prices are becoming more common in many markets across Europe. The share of hours with negative prices on the wholesale market reached 8-9% in the first half of the year in countries such as Germany, Netherlands and Spain – up from 4-5% in 2024. Germany saw an increase in wholesale electricity prices in H1 2025 (+37%), with average prices slightly below USD 100/MWh. In addition to the higher gas prices compared to 2024, the significant reduction in wind power generation due to less favourable weather conditions also contributed to the price rise. To meet demand…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Manufacturing and trade
…rise from the previous year. Other European countries, principally the United Kingdom, continued to be the main destinations for EU exports, representing two-thirds of the total. Recent tariff hikes in the United States reduced North America’s share of EU exports by nearly four percentage points, though export volumes were similar to 2024 levels. Despite growing exports, the EU net trade balance narrowed as imports went up around 35% year-on-year to reach more than 900 000 in 2025. China accounted for almost 60% of these, equivalent to less than 20% of EU demand, a similar share to the previous year. Chinese-made electric cars sold…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Electric vehicle charging
…or codes. For example, in 2024 the European Union revised the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive to require new or renovated buildings to include pre-cabling for EV charging. This makes it easier for residents to install home chargers, while avoiding the future need for costly retrofits. Kenya’s 2024 National Building Code mandates 5% of parking spaces in all new buildings be equipped for EV charging. India’s Model Building Bye‑Laws (MBBL) were amended in 2019 to include dedicated provisions for EV charging: charging infrastructure should be planned to cover 20% of parking capacity for all vehicles (including 2Ws). In…
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Present and future prospects of electric car manufacturing
Highlights New market-entrants focusing on electric car production are expanding rapidly. Pure-play electric car makers, especially those from China and US-based Tesla, are capturing a growing share of sales; some 45% of global electric car sales in 2024 are from pure-play electric car makers, compared to 35% in 2019. The growth in electric car sales affects both car makers and automotive suppliers, especially those producing powertrains and related components. The automotive supplier market is worth about USD 1.3 trillion, equivalent to over 40% of the global car market. For all components except batteries, companies from…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Key findings
…winter.High energy prices are causing a huge transfer of wealth from consumers to producers, back to the levels seen in 2014 for oil, but entirely unprecedented for natural gas. High fuel prices account for 90% of the rise in the average costs of electricity generation worldwide, natural gas alone for more than 50%. The costs of renewables and carbon dioxide have played only a marginal role, underscoring that this is a crisis where energy transitions are the solution, rather than the problem.Price and economic pressures mean that the number of people without access to modern energy is rising…
