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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Taking stock of the effect of war
…end of 2024, when Russia’s transit contract expired. Ukraine has an underground gas storage capacity of 32 bcm.The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) was 12% for solar PV and onshore wind before Russia’s invasion. The country risk premium is estimated at more than 15%, which could nearly triple hydrogen production costs compared to a mature market.Ukraine’s population has fallen by 15% since 2022, with indications that 50-80% of people leaving the country are highly educated, and that three-quarters of employers are facing staff shortages. Inflation peaked at 26% in 2022 and, while it…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Energy outlook to 2050 based on targets and pledges
…major fuels in the APS, in contrast to continued growth under today’s policy settings. Coal demand peaks around 390 Mtce by 2030 and declines to 140 Mtce by 2050, driven mainly by reduced coal-fired power generation and faster renewables deployment. Oil demand peaks in the early 2030s and falls to around 3.9 mb/d by 2050 as transport electrification and efficiency gains accelerate. Natural gas demand peaks at around 205 bcm around 2030 before declining to about 110 bcm by 2050, as low-emissions alternatives expand across power, industry and end uses. Rapid electrification reshapes final energy…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Trends in electric cars
…result, about 5% of the global car stock is now electrified, displacing 1.2 million barrels of oil per day in 2025. In particular, 2025 saw a boost for battery electric cars. The share of battery electric cars in total electric car sales increased to 65%, reversing the trend seen in the 2 years prior. While 2024 saw a strong increase in extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs), this did not continue in 2025, dropping to less than 7% of total electric car sales, after rising to 7.5% in 2024.Market developments varied across regions. In the People’s Republic of China (hereafter…
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Energy efficiency and fuel switching regulations
…as an immediate response to the oil crises of the 1970s, and in 1978 in the European Economic Community for water and space heaters. By 2025, more than 130 countries had at least one energy efficiency standard in place. State of Energy Policy 2026 provides the first long-term view of how the stringency of MEPS has evolved for a few key end uses of cooling and heating, road transport and industrial motors.In 2025, 15 countries saw changes to MEPS take effect, with some increasing stringency and others decreasing it. Overall, the changes in 2025 marked a historic reduction in coverage…
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World Energy Investment 2025 China
…owned enterprises and characterised by large-scale infrastructure projects backed by government financing. However, the landscape is beginning to shift. In recent years the government has increasingly encouraged greater private sector participation in energy development. As part of its evolving strategy, China has explicitly encouraged the involvement of private enterprises in the energy sector beyond the fields of export-oriented clean energy manufacturing into areas of more strategic domestic importance, such as nuclear power, new energy storage and even into upstream oil and gas and mining. The Chinese government has facilitated private participation in more than 8 000 recommended projects in 2024.
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Energy Management for Industry Executive summary
Energy management programmes help achieve efficiency targets and meet policy objectives Recent global upheavals and uncertainties are putting increasing pressure on businesses around the world. This is prompting governments to look more and more to energy efficiency to promote industrial competitiveness, increase resilience of businesses, protect jobs, reduce strain on grids, and enhance energy security. Providing government-led energy management programmes or policy packages for industry is one of the quickest and most cost-effective ways of ensuring fast and continual energy efficiency implementation. By encouraging and supporting companies to adopt energy management, governments can help ensure energy demand reductions…
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Demand: Global electricity use to grow strongly in 2025 and 2026
Global electricity demand is forecast to increase by an average annual 3.3% in 2025 and by 3.7% in 2026, a moderation from 4.4% in 2024 but still some of the highest growth rates observed over the last decade. This is a slight downward revision from our previous forecast in February 2025 of 4% growth for this year and 3.8% in 2026. The change is partly due to the IMF's downgrade of the global GDP growth outlook compared with its January 2025 update amid elevated uncertainty surrounding trade tariffs and economic prospects. Despite these downside risks…
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Equatorial Guinea
Electrification rates are relatively high in Equatorial Guinea at 66%. The country began oil production in the late 1990s and began LNG exports in 2007.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Renewables 2025 Biogases
…2026, while the Netherlands is developing one. Ireland has set a national blending mandate for heating.Use in the transport sector continues to grow, especially where targets are based on fuels’ GHG performance, making biomethane more competitive, such as in Germany. On the other hand, creating a unified European market for trading green certificates remains a key demand. The new Union Database, expected to be operational for biogases in 2025, will facilitate the tracking of proof of sustainability (PoS) certificates required under the Renewable Energy Directive (RED).Germany, the world’s largest biogas and biomethane market, with a combined prod...
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Tanzania
Electricity access in Tanzania increased from around 13% in 2008 to 32% in 2017. The government is supporting the private sector to develop its electricity market, enhancing the role of renewable energy in the energy mix and increasing rural electricity access.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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