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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Southeast Asia
…reached 4 Mt in 2024, almost 4% of the global total. Hydrogen production accounted for about 8% of the regional gas supply and 1% of regional CO2 emissions. Indonesia represents over a third of regional demand, followed by Malaysia (22%), Viet Nam (15%) and Singapore (12%). Nearly half of all demand is for ammonia, of which two-thirds comes from Indonesia alone. Refining accounts for a third of demand, with 40% located in Singapore; methanol represents the remaining 20%, with 69% in Malaysia. The region currently exports ammonia (15% of production) and imports methanol.Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Singapore and Viet Nam all…
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Renewables 2022 Transport biofuels
…per year (MLPY) higher in 2022 than in 2021. Renewable diesel makes up the largest share of this year-on-year expansion, thanks to attractive policies in the United States and Europe. Blending requirements and financial incentives support demand growth in India and Brazil, and Indonesia’s 30% biodiesel blending requirement also boosts biodiesel use in that country. Nevertheless, we have revised year-on-year growth downwards 25% from our 2021 forecast, with price and market developments in Brazil, Finland and Sweden responsible for 80% of this downward revision. While high biodiesel prices led the Brazilian government to reduce its…
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Coal 2025 Trade
…imports in 2024. China led global imports in 2024 with 548 Mt, an unprecedented figure for any country in history, followed by India (237 Mt) and Japan (162 Mt). Together, these three countries represented over 60% of global coal imports. On the export side, Indonesia remained the top exporter with 555 Mt, primarily thermal coal, followed by Australia (363 Mt) and Russia (198 Mt), which directed 75% of its exports to Asia in 2024. Combined, these three countries accounted for nearly 74% of global coal exports in 2024.After years of growth, global coal trade is expected to decline by 5% to 1 468 Mt in 2025, reversing the previous…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Executive summary
…years. For battery metals such as lithium, nickel, cobalt and graphite, the energy sector accounted for 85% of total demand growth over the same period.Despite this rapid demand growth, major supply increases – led by China, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo – exerted downward pressure on prices, especially for battery metals. The swift increase in battery metal production highlighted the sector’s ability to scale up new supply more quickly than for traditional metals like copper and zinc. Since 2020, supply growth for battery metals has been twice the rate seen in the late 2010s. As a result…
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World Energy Investment 2025 Southeast Asia
…Historically, this rising energy demand has been met by fossil fuels, making up 60% of total energy investment in the past decade. Coal was the main beneficiary, growing from 20% to 30% of the region’s energy mix, with USD 110 billion invested since 2015, concentrated in Indonesia and Viet Nam. However, fossil fuel investment decreased from USD 70 billion in 2015 to USD 50 billion in 2025 while clean energy investment reached USD 47 billion, up from 30 billion in 2015. Given the challenges of accessing international capital markets, Southeast Asia’s capital markets have relied on domestic commercial lending. Commercial finance in clean energy sits above…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Outlook for clean cooking in Africa
…Africa could achieve universal coverage by 2040, if countries were to replicate the best historical rates of progress seen in similar countries around the world – a pathway explored in the new Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS). It will require 80 million people to gain access annually, or a 4.7 percentage point improvement in access rates each year, comparable to rates of progress seen in Indonesia, Cambodia and Viet Nam. By 2035 in the ACCESS, nearly all households move away from cooking methods posing the most acute risks to human health, with almost 95% of urban households…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Demand
…the upward trend in coal consumption, albeit at a slower pace than growth rates of 4.4% in 2022 and 2.3% in 2023.The increase in 2024 was primarily driven by emerging economies in Asia, particularly China and India. China recorded the largest absolute growth, with demand rising by 82 Mt (1.7%) while India’s consumption increased by 45 Mt (4%). Additional growth was observed in Indonesia and Viet Nam. In contrast, coal demand declined significantly in advanced economies, notably in the European Union (down 40 Mt, or 11%) and the United States (down 14 Mt, or 4%)…
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Renewables 2025 Renewable transport
…renewable electricity, liquid biofuels, biogases and renewable hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels, renewable energy consumption in transport is expected to rise 50% by 2030. The largest share of this growth (45%) will come from renewable electricity used for electric vehicles, especially in China and Europe.Road biofuels contribute the second-largest share (35%), with significant growth in Brazil, Indonesia, India and Malaysia, supported by tightening mandates and rising fuel demand. Aviation and maritime fuel use makes up 10% of growth, primarily owing to mandates in Europe, and the remaining 10% comes from biomethane, renewable hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels, with…
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Critical Minerals
…copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements, the average market share of the top three refining nations rose to 86% in 2024 from around 82% in 2020, with almost all supply growth coming from the single top supplier: Indonesia for nickel, and China for all others.
While policy makers have woken up to the challenges, based on today’s policy settings and investment trends, the average share of the top three suppliers is projected to decline only marginally over the next decade, effectively returning to the concentration levels seen in 2020. Despite narrowing supply gaps for some minerals… -
Renewables 2021 Biofuels
…to our forecast, demand in 2021 nevertheless recovers from the lows seen in 2020 during the Covid-19 crisis. Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Indonesia are managing climbing feedstock and biofuel costs by temporarily reducing or delaying blending mandates. We estimate these actions to reduce demand by 3%, or 5 billion litres, in 2021 compared to a scenario where mandates remained unchanged or were increased as planned. By August 2021 biofuel prices had increased by between 70% and 150% across the United States, Europe, Brazil and Indonesia, depending on the market and fuel, from average 2019 prices. For comparison, crude oil…
