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Indonesia
Indonesia’s imports of oil have rapidly increased in recent years. This resource-rich nation is the world’s fourth-largest producer of coal and Southeast Asia’s biggest gas supplier. The country is the largest producer of biofuels worldwide and it is scaling up efforts to exploit its renewable energy potential. Indonesia's importance is underscored by its sizeable population of 250 million people – the fourth-largest in the world – and its significant role as a major producer and consumer of energy in regional and international markets. Indonesia is also the largest economy in ASEAN and an active member…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
![Indonesia Flag]()
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Coal
…demand is likely to remain broadly unchanged to 2027 as underlying structural drivers of the world’s coal use remain stable.
Global coal demand increased to a new all-time high in 2024 of around 8.8 billion tonnes, up 1.5% from 2023, as rising consumption in China, India, Indonesia and other emerging economies more than offset declines in advanced economies in Europe, North America and northeast Asia. However, several of those trends reversed in the first half of 2025 as demand declined in China and India; by contrast, coal use grew by around 10% in the United States…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 7. Palembang waste-to-energy plant
Project overview and impact Indonesia faces a dual challenge of rapidly growing waste volumes and persistent electricity supply constraints. The country generates around 65 million tonnes of waste annually, yet only about 20% is formally treated, and most cities rely heavily on landfills. In 2017, the government designated 12 priority cities for accelerated waste-to-energy (WTE) development, including Palembang, and introduced preferential feed-in tariffs and guaranteed waste-tipping fees to attract private investment. Despite this, only two WTE plants, Surabaya’s Benowo PLTSa and Surakarta’s Putri Cempo PLTSa, both on Java island, were operational before 2024, highlighting…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026
The Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 is the seventh edition of this World Energy Outlook Special Report, making Southeast Asia by far the most regularly updated regional outlook compiled by the International Energy Agency (IEA). This reflects the dynamism of the region, as well as the importance of the IEA’s partnership with the eleven countries that make up the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) – Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste (joined ASEAN in 2025) and Viet Nam.As energy security concerns move ever higher on…
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Clean Energy Transitions Programme 2024
…and delivered 42 training events to almost 1 200 policy professionals. In Africa, the IEA helped secure USD 2.2 billion in funding through a landmark summit on access to clean cooking, while in Asia and Latin America, it helped countries such as Indonesia and Brazil to advance clean energy policies. In addition to supporting countries at the national level, the CETP contributed to global platforms such as the Conference of the Parties (COP) and the Group of 20 (G20), ensuring that clean energy goals are integrated into international dialogues. The impact of the CETP extends to critical areas like energy efficiency…
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Businesses see competitive value of energy efficiency, but smaller firms struggle to access solutions
…even more pronounced.The mining sector illustrated this clearly in their survey responses. With energy typically accounting for 20% to 40% of operating expenditures, mining companies reported the highest perceived impact of energy efficiency efforts on enhanced competitiveness. This was particularly evident in responses from mining companies in India and Indonesia, where reliance on relatively expensive off-grid diesel electricity generation makes reducing energy intensity especially valuable.When businesses were asked how they would respond to higher energy costs, energy efficiency also emerged as the leading strategic response. Almost 40% of industry leaders ranked energy efficiency as the single most…
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Energy crisis threatens world’s most vulnerable as cooking fuel shortages grow
…of 2025, 30% of all seaborne LPG exports transited through the Strait of Hormuz. Developing Asia accounts for the largest share of LPG use for cooking, with almost 2.4 billion people using it as their main cooking fuel. India and Indonesia have relied heavily on LPG in successful campaigns to expand clean cooking access, shifting more than 800 million people away from using wood, charcoal, kerosene and other harmful fuels since 2010. Today, 90% of Indonesian households rely on LPG for cooking, as do 80% of households in India. However, both countries are net importers of LPG, with Middle…
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Coal 2025 Supply
…although it comes with uncertainties, followed by smaller but more certain declines in the European Union and the United States, as phase-out schedules and cost pressures accelerate. However, US policy support slows the pace of contraction, with a possibility that the actual decline may be even smaller. Output contracts in Indonesia as rising domestic demand is outpaced by shrinking exports, and China’s output declines in line with lower consumption. India remains the main source of incremental growth, supported by captive and commercial blocks, but this is insufficient to offset reductions elsewhere. Overall, global supply trends lower during the second half…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Coal 2025 Investments in coal projects and emissions abatement
New projects increase the capacity of the project pipeline Forthcoming export-oriented coal projects in our database have a total capacity of 493 Mtpa at the time of writing, 63 Mtpa higher than in our previous report. This increase in the project pipeline is due to improved research on Indonesia rather than more projects actually being developed. This report classifies projects as either more advanced or less advanced based on whether they have received the necessary approvals and permits in their respective countries. The capacity of less-advanced projects declined from 275 Mtpa to 210 Mtpa. Some projects failed to obtain environmental approvals due…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Supply
Regardless of mixed regional trends in 2024, coal supply reached an unprecedented level Global coal production reached a record 9.15 Bt in 2024, driven primarily by strong output in China, India and Indonesia. Domestic coal is the largest source of energy supply in both China and India making coal production central to their energy security strategies. After shortages in 2021, both countries boosted production, a push that lasted a few years to reach an all-time high in 2024. China remained the largest producer, maintaining output at 4 666 Mt. Although Shanxi, traditionally the largest coal producing province, reduced production by…
