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Renewables 2021 Renewable heat
…almost 70% of which is for industry – while the United States, the European Union, India and the Russian Federation (“Russia”) together account for another 35%.The supply of heat, which contributed more than 40% (13.1 Gt) of global energy-related CO2 emissions in 2020, remains heavily fossil fuel dependent, with renewable sources (including traditional uses of biomass) meeting less than a quarter of global heat demand in 2020 – a share that has remained static during the past three decades. Excluding ambient heat, for which limited data are available at the global scale, as well as traditional uses of biomass…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE)
The International Energy Agency (IEA) was asked by the COP26 Presidency in 2021 to give an indication of what achieving the 1.5 °C goal would mean for the energy sector. Responding to this request, the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE Scenario) was developed. It represents a global pathway towards the goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C, but not the only possible one. The IEA has always been clear that there are various paths to reach this objective and that each country will have its own route. Since 2021, the IEA has updated its NZE Scenario each year…
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The State of Energy Innovation 2025 Executive summary
Today’s energy technology landscape is highly dynamic. Innovations span a wide range of countries and technology areas, both emerging and established. These advances have implications for energy system planning and, ultimately, for the world economy. Whether incremental or disruptive, they are the products of government support, market expectations, finance, knowledge-sharing and accessible R&D and test facilities. It is testament to the efforts of energy innovators around the world that decision makers today can choose from a range of technology options to address strategic goals for all parts of the energy system. However, technological progress to tackle existing…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Executive summary
Moldova’s new National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) lays out the country’s ambition to improve energy efficiency, reduce fossil fuel demand and decarbonise its economy. Buildings account for more than half of Moldova’s final energy consumption, with three-quarters of that used for space and water heating. Currently, these needs are met chiefly by imported natural gas and domestic biomass – two fuel sources that suffer from availability and sustainability issues. Heat pump technology offers Moldova an effective means of accelerating the transition in building heating. This roadmap discusses the status of Moldova’s heating sector, the potential…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Overview
Global coal demand grew by 1.5% in 2024, reaching an all-time high Global coal demand rose by 1.5% in 2024 to reach 8.79 billion tonnes (Bt), a new record. The growth was the slowest annual rate since the Covid-19 crisis in 2020 caused coal demand to decline. The post-Covid economic recovery and high natural gas prices have driven a sharp rise in global coal demand in recent years, but the growth has slowed year-on-year since 2021. Coal demand grew by 7.7% in 2021, 4.4% in 2022 and 2.3% in…
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Renewables 2025 Renewable electricity
…also growing in countries that have an unreliable electricity grid. In South Africa and Pakistan, for instance, uptake in commercial and large-scale off-grid solar PV systems is rising rapidly, improving electricity access.Compared with 2019-2024, our forecast expects cumulative onshore wind capacity additions to increase 45% over 2025-2030, reaching 732 GW. Despite recent challenges concerning supply chain bottlenecks, inflation, and long permitting and grid connection wait times, we expect strong onshore wind expansion, as policies in both advanced and developing countries have partly addressed these barriers. Annual additions are expected to rise in Africa, the Middle East…
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Renewables for Industry Executive summary
…around 4–5%. Increased uptake is being driven by improving cost competitiveness, expanding technology availability and stronger policy signals, alongside the benefits of reducing exposure to volatile fossil fuel prices.Renewables are rapidly transforming power systems around the world, leading to a higher share of renewables in the industrial mix via heat electrification. This linkage between industrial electricity demand and growing renewable generation is becoming an important driver of decarbonisation across industrial sectors. It contributes to greater system flexibility, strengthens energy security by reducing dependence on fossil fuel imports, and fosters economic growth, industrialisation and employment. Low-temperature industrial heat…
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Financing the ASEAN Power Grid Executive summary
…region’s resources. Previous analysis has found that higher levels of connectivity can significantly reduce operational costs, curtailment of variable renewable energy output and total generation capacity needs compared to a scenario of weak power system integration. Better utilisation of low-emissions generation can also prevent deepened dependencies on fossil fuel imports that are prone to supply shocks, as witnessed during the 2022-2023 global energy crisis which caused regional subsidies for fossil fuel consumption to soar. Optimising both variable renewable and flexible resources across countries requires a strong degree of trust, regulatory and technical co-ordination, robust business models…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Setting the scene
Regional imbalances in energy investment Global energy investment has steadily risen over the past decade and reached over USD 3.3 trillion for the first time in 2025. Clean energy investment trends are especially notable – with investments in a range of clean energy technologies and infrastructure, taken together, accounting for nearly two-thirds of global investments today. However, these headline numbers often mask a persistent trend: a gaping regional imbalance in global energy investment. After removing the share of investment going towards advanced economies and People’s Republic of China (hereafter, “China”), emerging market and developing economies (EMDE) other than…
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Gas Market Report, Q2-2025 Executive summary
…liquefied natural gas (LNG) prices and a milder winter in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter “China”). Tighter market fundamentals put upward pressure on gas prices across all key markets, while geopolitical tensions have also continued to fuel price volatility. Below-average growth in global LNG output together and lower piped gas exports from the Russian Federation (hereafter “Russia”) to the European Union have kept supply tight and increased the call on gas storage and reserve mechanisms. Global gas demand growth is expected to slow to around 1.5% in 2025 due to a combination of initially tight market…
