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Global Energy and Climate Model Understanding GEC Model scenarios
…and how these interact with the evolution of energy technologies and markets. By comparing the WEO scenarios, readers can assess what drives the various outcomes, and the opportunities and pitfalls that lie along the way. None of the individual WEO scenarios should be regarded as a forecast, and do not contain a single view about what the long-term future might hold. Instead, the scenarios seek to enable readers to compare different possible versions of the future, and the levers and actions that produce them, and to gain insights into the future of global energy.The Current Policies Scenario (CPS)…
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Renewables 2021 Renewable heat
…11% in 2020 to 13% in 2026, these investments fall short of containing non-renewable heat consumption. Fossil fuel consumption for heat is forecast to see a 5% increase in heat-related CO2 emissions over the outlook period, equivalent to 0.6 Gt CO2.For comparison, to align with the IEA Net Zero Emissions Scenario, renewable heat consumption would have to progress 2.5 times faster, combined with wide-scale behavioural change and much larger energy and material efficiency improvements in both buildings and industry. Keeping up with ambitions in the IEA NZE Scenario requires much faster policy action globally in...
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Germany 2025 Executive summary
…but also for its energy security and economic competitiveness. It is targeting a 65% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 (from 1990 levels) and climate neutrality by 2045, with the long-standing Energiewende strategy guiding the evolution of its energy system. While this has supported a surge in renewables-based electricity generation, which will need to both continue and grow, more work lies ahead to decarbonise end-use sectors, such as transport, industry and buildings. Existing strategies and supportive policy measures in these sectors will need to be matched by a strong focus on effective, cost-efficient implementation…
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Powering Ireland’s Energy Future Executive summary
…and integrate it with longer-term power system planning. This will help set priorities and guide market and system development, while allowing potential trade-offs to be proactively identified and managed, where possible.Ireland has a long track record of transforming its power system while managing strong electricity demand growth. In 2024, Ireland supplied about one-third of its electricity from wind, four times the global average and second only to Denmark among countries with gigawatt-scale systems. That made wind the second largest source of electricity in Ireland behind natural gas, which had a share of more than 40…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Global trends
…growth in global energy demand. Natural gas followed, meeting around 17% of global demand growth. Oil contributed around 15%, followed by solid bioenergy and waste. Coal demand growth slowed, due to declines in China and India. In all, low-emissions sources contributed nearly 60% of total energy demand growth. This was despite almost no growth in hydropower due to poor hydrological conditions in some major regions. Demand for each of the three fossil fuels grew in 2025, albeit at a slower rate than in 2024. Coal demand increased by 0.4%, down from 1.4% in 2024 and translating to…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Renewables 2025 Renewable transport
Renewable energy in transport is set to expand 50% to 2030 With greater use of renewable electricity, liquid biofuels, biogases and renewable hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels, renewable energy consumption in transport is expected to rise 50% by 2030. The largest share of this growth (45%) will come from renewable electricity used for electric vehicles, especially in China and Europe.Road biofuels contribute the second-largest share (35%), with significant growth in Brazil, Indonesia, India and Malaysia, supported by tightening mandates and rising fuel demand. Aviation and maritime fuel use makes up 10% of growth, primarily owing to mandates in…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Hydrogen
…ISO standards.Share of global hydrogen production located in countries with rules on emissions thresholds for hydrogen production using methodologies consistent with ISO standards.Qualitative examples of collaborationThe IEA Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) “Task” for the Certification of Hydrogen and Derivatives is developing a technical mutual recognition framework for certification schemes.The International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE) and the IEA Hydrogen TCP co-ordinated the development of a Hydrogen Certification 101 paper, which benefited from contributions of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the Hydrogen Council and the International Power-to-X Hub…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Emissions: Power generation CO2 emissions are plateauing
Global emissions from electricity generation rose by 1.2% in 2024, following an increase of 1.6% in 2023. Last year was even hotter than in 2023 – making it the warmest year on record – with the heat waves boosting electricity demand for cooling. Nonetheless, growth in power sector emissions showed signs of slowing down as rapid deployment of renewables constrained increases in fossil-fired generation. As this trend continues, we expect 2025 emissions to plateau and remain relatively unchanged. In 2026, we forecast a slight decline of less than 1%, as the increase in low-emissions generation depresses fossil-fired…
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Northwest European Hydrogen Monitor 2025 Executive summary
…France published a revised National Hydrogen Strategy. While recognising progress made in the hydrogen sector, the Strategy lowered the installed electrolyser capacity target for 2030 to 4.5 GW (from 6.5 GW previously) and added a 2035 target of 8 GW. In July 2024, Germany adopted its hydrogen import strategy, following the update of the country’s National Hydrogen Strategy in 2023. In December 2024, Switzerland released its long-awaited National Hydrogen Strategy, highlighting the importance of developing its hydrogen market so that it is closely integrated with neighbouring markets.Altogether, Northwest European countries have ambition to develop as much as 30…
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Czechia 2025 Executive summary
…deployment of alternative sources of energy, managing workforce transitions and gaining public acceptance. There is no time to waste: decisions taken in the coming years will be pivotal to determining the success of the phase-out. This report provides timely advice on how Czechia can achieve its goals, including in two focus areas: replacing coal in power generation and decarbonising heating in buildings.Updating Czechia’s suite of energy strategies is a pressing priority, as is ensuring their collective coherence. Doing so will provide a clearer direction to stakeholders and boost investor confidence. The 2024 National Energy and Climate Plan …
