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World Energy Outlook 2022 An updated roadmap to Net Zero Emissions by 2050
…Key findings In 2021, the IEA published its report Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. However, in the short time since then much has changed. The global economy has rebounded from the Covid-19 pandemic, and the first global energy crisis has seen world energy prices touching record levels in many markets, bringing energy security concerns to the fore.In 2021, emissions rose by a record 1.9 Gt to reach 36.6 Gt, driven by extraordinarily rapid post-pandemic economic growth, slow progress in improving energy intensity, and a surge in coal demand even as renewables…
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Portugal 2026 Executive summary
…IEA Member countries. Portugal is entering a mid‑transition that requires managing two interconnected energy systems that are moving in opposite directions: one is based on renewables and electrification and must scale up rapidly; the other is a legacy fossil fuel system that must decline in an orderly way to avoid stranded assets and price shocks. Electricity is becoming the central pillar of energy security and the main driver of emissions reductions.Portugal has established an ambitious direction for its energy transition through a series of strategic policy documents centred on the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP). The NECP sets…
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Financing the Modernisation of Power Systems Beyond Coal Executive summary
…industrialisation and electrification. Although the share of coal in electricity generation in the region is expected to decline over the coming decade as renewables expand rapidly, coal-fired power generation is anticipated to remain important for system adequacy, reliability and energy security. Recent disruptions in gas markets have reinforced this role, with governments in Southeast Asia increasing coal-fired power generation to maintain electricity supply and manage fuel supply risks.If operated for typical lifetimes and utilisation rates, the existing worldwide coal fleet would emit 330 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon dioxide (CO2) to 2100 – more than the historical emissions to date…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2026 Executive summary
…international collaboration is focused on delivery With long-term goals and sectoral targets established in many countries, the focus of international energy and climate collaboration has shifted. The primary priority of collaboration is no longer articulating new commitments, but delivering outcomes within this decade. This shift has been most prominent in recent international processes, including the Conference of the Parties (COP), where the focus has moved towards mechanisms and initiatives intended to support delivery across sectors of the global economy.In addition to emissions reductions, many governments are considering energy transitions for reasons of energy security, affordability and job creation…
- Executive summary
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
- Steel
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+ 3 pages
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World Energy Investment 2025 Japan and Korea
…of maintaining energy security. Korea’s 11th Basic Plan for Electricity Supply and Demand highlighted the importance of energy security to meet the country’s rapid increase in electricity demand spurred by advanced industries such as artificial intelligence (AI) data centres, semiconductors, and chip and battery manufacturing. Policy initiatives such as Japan’s capacity market operations and Korea’s 20% reserve margin targets, along with public–private co‑operation, will play a critical role in meeting the growth in electricity demand.In the next decade, promoting renewable power will be crucial for securing energy supplies and increasing domestic energy supply to…
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Delivering Sustainable Fuels Executive summary
…including liquid biofuels, biogases, low-emissions hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels – offer multiple benefits for the energy sector. They complement electrification and energy efficiency in energy transitions, and they are particularly important for sectors that continue to be reliant on fuel-based solutions such as aviation, shipping, and parts of road transport and industry. Sustainable fuels can also enhance energy security, stimulate economic development and strengthen environmental sustainability.Greater use of sustainable fuels can bolster energy security by diversifying fuel supply and reducing fossil-fuel import dependence. Sustainable fuels can be produced from domestic resources in many countries, reducing exposure…
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Renewables 2025 Biogases
Policy attention to biogas and biomethane has increased significantly in the past five years Since 2020, more than 50 new policies have been introduced around the world, as more countries recognise the potential role of biogas and biomethane in the transition to sustainable energy systems. Several key factors are driving this surge. First is the growing importance of energy security following the energy crisis triggered by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and recent geopolitical developments. Second is the need to accelerate decarbonisation in hard-to-abate sectors, together with growing emphasis on methane emissions reductions. Third, countries are paying more…
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Sustainable Transport for Georgia: A Roadmap Sustainable transport roadmap
…on imported fossil fuels creates fuel price volatility, slows growth and raises geopolitical risks. Transport electrification and efficiency can substantially enhance energy security and resilience.This roadmap describes how Georgia can seize strategic opportunities from transport sector transformation. Doing so can bring health, mobility and job benefits while aligning Georgia with Paris Agreement commitments. Policy makers are working with corporate partners and supporting priorities set out in earlier plans, as shown by already completed or underway in the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) and the 2024-2025 Climate Action Plan. Some prospects, such as partnering with global firms to…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 4. TFC Solar PV project in South Africa
…generate about 147 GWh of solar electricity per year, contributing to South Africa’s broader efforts to decarbonise heavy industry. The project also demonstrates how foreign capital, coupled with industrial demand, can support both energy security and lower-carbon production in one of Africa’s most important mining economies.The project was announced during the 2024 China-South Africa Economic and Trade Forum, receiving support from both countries. Financing model and China’s role The TFC project is financed through a joint equity and debt structure, with CGN as the majority shareholder. Total project costs are estimated at more than…
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Coal 2025 Supply
…high of 9.1 billion tonnes, largely driven by increased output in China, India and Indonesia. China retained its position as the world’s leading coal producer, maintaining output at 4 666 Mt. Coal remains the primary energy source in both China and India, making domestic production a cornerstone of their energy security strategies. Following supply shortages in 2021, both countries have ramped up coal production for several years in a row.At 9 111 Mt, global coal production in 2025 is projected to remain at 2024’s level. This marks a plateau before entering an expected downturn later in the decade. The decrease reflects weaker…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
