-
Clean Energy Technology Supply Chain Data Executive summary
…cost structures change over time.Strengthening global supply chains for clean power is the goal of the Supply Chains Mission which was established by the United Kingdom in 2025 under the Global Clean Power Alliance (GCPA). The Mission aims to work with international partners to identify and deliver the changes needed to diversify clean power supply chains and resolve bottlenecks. This report supports the work of the Data pillar of the Mission by providing a high-level assessment of the current status of data relevant to clean energy supply chains and proposing a menu of possible actions to address data challenges…
-
Global Energy Review 2025 CO2 Emissions
…global air passenger demand. The modest overall rise in emissions from oil use is largely due to the fact that petrochemical feedstocks accounted for 70% of the total volumetric increase in oil use. Carbon emissions trends varied widely across regions Emissions trends between regions diverged in 2024. CO2 emissions grew in emerging market and developing economies and international aviation and marine bunkers, outweighing reductions from advanced economies led by the European Union, Japan and the United States.In emerging market and developing economies, energy-related CO2 emissions increased by 1.5% (375 Mt CO2) in 2024, driven by rising energy…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
-
+ 3 pages
-
Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap A pathway for heat pumps
Heat pumps can strengthen Moldova’s energy security, independence, air pollution and emissions, and even improve energy affordability. Given the regional turmoil – notably in the energy sector – over the past three years and into early 2025, there is a compelling case for reducing natural gas consumption by deploying heat pumps. While Moldova is only beginning to realise its heat pump potential, this presents a significant opportunity to design the system effectively – by stimulating demand, expanding supply, financing the transition and establishing clear regulations. A comprehensive approach will help to ensure a steady and orderly deployment. The following table recommends specific…
-
Lithuania 2025 Executive summary
…goals would require a broad electrification across the economy, and Lithuania aims to become a net exporter of electricity by 2030 and of energy by 2050. The strategy also includes fostering industrial development related to renewables-based hydrogen. This requires a lot of electricity, and in the NEIS main scenario, electricity demand will increase sixfold by 2050, half of which will be used for hydrogen production. However, hydrogen market development has been slower than expected, both in Lithuania and in other European markets. While the NEIS is a crucial guide for the energy policy, it should be implemented in well-defined steps…
-
Access and Affordability
“An Affordable and Sustainable Energy System for Sub-Saharan Africa” (Energy Sub-Saharan Africa) is a five-year programme (2019-2024) funded by the European Union. It supports work with Benin, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Uganda and Zambia, with the aim of promoting sustainable and inclusive economic growth through the transition towards a low-carbon and climate-resilient energy sector, while delivering universal and affordable energy access to all. Today, 730 million people around the world live without access to electricity, while over 2 billion people continue to rely on harmful cooking fuels…
-
Korea 2025 Executive summary
…Climate, Energy and Environment (MCEE) in October 2025 is expected to strengthen the overall coherence of climate and energy policies. The MCEE assumed most energy functions from the former Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE). MCEE is today responsible for climate, electricity, grid, and energy transition policies. MOTIE, now renamed the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Resources (MOTIR), continues to oversee resource industries such as oil, gas, coal, minerals, and nuclear exports.Electrification of buildings, transportation and industry combined with a growing demand for air conditioning and data centres is resulting in a shift toward an electrified economy. Substantial…
-
Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Accelerating sustainable transport
…system. As it seeks to balance the twin goals of enhanced energy security and reduced dependence on imported fossil fuels, Armenia has made the transition to sustainable transport a top priority.This chapter lays out a forward-looking framework designed to accelerate Armenia’s shift to an efficient, low-carbon and resilient transport system. Drawing on international best practices, the recommendations focus on three interconnected priorities: electrifying the road transport fleet, boosting overall transport system efficiency and expanding the use of fossil-free fuels. These objectives support a broad transformation, aimed not only at curbing greenhouse gas emissions in Armenia…
-
Ukraine’s Energy Security A pre-winter assessment
Ukraine’s energy sector continues to be a major target of Russian missile and drone attacks As Ukraine enters its fourth winter of the war, energy infrastructure continues to be targeted by Russian attacks. Ukraine’s natural gas and power infrastructure remain vulnerable, with an increasing number of missiles and drones striking critical plants and pipelines. At the same time, evolving tactics and technologies are present a persistent challenge for Ukraine’s air and passive defences.Energy security is central to Ukraine’s overall security. Ensuring that Ukrainian citizens retain access to heat and power is of the utmost importance…
-
Czechia 2025 Executive summary
The Czech Republic (Czechia) aims to phase out coal at an almost unprecedented pace. The IEA commends Czechia for such an ambitious phase-out. Coal is a major fuel source in Czechia, currently providing more than one-third of Czechia’s electricity and half of its district heating. Coal-fired plants are slated for retirement by 2033, but economic drivers may close them earlier. This would be an extraordinary transformation of Czechia’s energy system. The transition from its fossil fuel legacy can be a springboard to building a vibrant clean energy economy. But it is not without challenges, such…
-
World Energy Outlook 2025 Achieving access for all
A roadmap for universal energy access Today around 2 billion people lack access to clean cooking and some 730 million remain without electricity – deficits which have far-reaching implications for health, economic opportunity and global development. Since 2010, 1.5 billion people have gained access to clean cooking and 1 billion to electricity, demonstrating that rapid progress is possible. Our new Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS) outlines a country-by-country pathway to universal access that draws on lessons about what has worked best in recent years. Universal clean cooking access is achieved in the ACCESS around 2040. Over 60…
