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Global Energy Review 2026 Electricity demand
…consumption. Nevertheless, the 2025 growth rate remained above the 2.8% annual average observed between 2014 and 2024 and was also well over twice the rate of overall global energy demand growth in 2025 (1.3%). Demand growth was well above long-term average rates in advanced economies, but slowed in Asian economies In 2025, emerging market and developing economies accounted for 80% of global electricity demand growth. China’s share of the increase in global demand was 58%, higher than in 2024, when it stood at 52%, but lower than the 62% average observed over the previous decade. China…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Coal 2025 Trade
International coal trade is set to decline in 2025 International coal trade grew by 3% in 2024, reaching a new record of 1 544 Mt. This growth was driven by increases in both thermal coal (up 26 Mt to 1 176 Mt) and met coal (up 21 Mt to 368 Mt). Coal trade accounted for approximately 18% of global coal demand, with thermal coal making up more than three-quarters of total traded volumes. Seaborne trade continued to dominate, representing over 90% of global coal trade in 2024.The Asia Pacific region further strengthened its dominance, accounting for 85% of global coal imports in 2024. China led…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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World Energy Employment 2025 Executive summary
…4 million energy workers have been added – about 2.4% of all new jobs globally. In some countries, its contribution is far larger, reaching one in five new jobs in China and one in ten in the United States since 2022. The pace of the expansion in recent years marked a step change from pre-pandemic trends, when the energy sector added less than a third as many jobs annually than during the years between 2019 and 2024. The electricity sector is now the largest energy employer, surpassing fuel supply for the first time, as the Age of Electricity gathers pace…
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Executive summary
…still not been observed as of the first half of 2025. The first half of 2025 showed contrasting trends across regions in thermal generation In the first half of 2025, while coal-fired generation declined year-on-year in China and India, it increased in the United States and the European Union. The declines in China and India were due to more moderate demand growth compared with the same period in 2024 and strong expansion in output from renewables. By contrast, in the United States, both renewable generation and coal-fired output rose strongly, with the latter boosted by gas-...
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Trade and infrastructure
…2035, but less than 6% have reached final investment decision (FID). Most projects are in Europe and China, where the world’s longest, largest-diameter hydrogen pipelines are currently being built. In Germany, work began on repurposing a 400 km section of a natural gas pipeline in 2025, in a world-first repurposing project of this scale.If all announced underground hydrogen storage projects are realised by 2035, around 11 TWh of capacity (325 kt H₂) will be available. However, only 5% has reached FID or is under construction, equivalent to 2.5% of the annual output from committed low-emissions hydrogen projects. Progress…
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Renewables in District Energy Regional trends in district heating
Regional trends in district heating
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Energy technology manufacturing and trade
…domestic production. In other major importing regions, average costs of batteries are estimated to have fallen due to lower global commodity prices. The manufacturing project pipeline has contracted across most clean energy technologies since 2024. The capacity of announced projects that have been completed or cancelled since the last review exceeds that of newly announced projects. This reflects well-supplied markets for several clean energy technologies, notably for solar PV and batteries, and uncertainty about the pace of future deployment. Industry margins have tightened across the board. Solar PV manufacturers have seen margins collapse under intense price competition, notably in…
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Understanding methane emissions
…methane emissions to be around 610 Mt, with human activity responsible for almost two‑thirds of the total and natural sources accounting for the rest. IEA analysis suggests that the energy sector was responsible for around 145 Mt of methane emissions in 2024 – more than 35% of the total amount attributable to human activity. Oil operations were responsible for around 45 Mt, natural gas operations for nearly 35 Mt, and abandoned wells for around 3 Mt. An additional 2 Mt of methane leaked from end-use equipment. Coal accounted for more than 40 Mt, including over 4 Mt from abandoned mines…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Policy
…USD 1.1 billion, aiming to diversify hydrogen uses beyond cars and introducing targets for an end-use hydrogen price of USD 3.6/kg, striving for USD 2.2/kg and 100 000 FCEVs by 2030.Japan had selected six winners of its contracts for difference scheme as of late May 2026, adding up to nearly 130 kt of low-emissions hydrogen. Two of these support ammonia imports for the power sector. Germany agreed targets for its hydrogen-capable gas turbine fleet with the European Commission.On supply, renewable hydrogen has the most widespread support across countries. However, project cancellations, particularly in Europe, have reduced…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Investment and innovation
…technology readiness level (TRL) over the past year, across the hydrogen value chain. First-of-a-kind pilot projects included microwave plasma pyrolysis and synthetic fuel production via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis from solar-converted biogas to syngas, and moving towards larger scale using biogenic CO2. Infrastructure milestones included validation of hydrogen storage in salt caverns with fast cycling and in depleted gas fields, and an industrial-scale ammonia cracker. On the demand side, there were maiden voyages of ammonia-fuelled vessels using combustion engines or fuel cell propulsion with onboard ammonia cracking, and the first direct reduced iron (DRI) production…