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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Introduction and context
…In the absence of a rapid resumption of shipping flows, supply losses are set to increase.This loss of supply is having major impacts in global oil and gas markets, with both producers and consumers feeling the strain. Oil prices have risen sharply since the conflict began. While Brent has drawn most attention, benchmarks for Middle Eastern crudes and refined products, particularly diesel and jet fuel, have increased even more. Many consumers around the world are still bruised from past price increases during the global energy crisis of 2021-2023, which pushed energy affordability to the forefront of energy policy…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Trade and infrastructure
…is gaining prominence.Announced hydrogen pipeline projects, including new and repurposed natural gas pipelines, exceed 40 000 km by 2035, but only 9% of this length is operational or has a committed investment. Since GHR-25, operational and committed hydrogen pipeline length has increased by 70%. Activity remains concentrated in Europe and China, which saw major milestones in 2025, as China began construction of the world’s longest hydrogen pipeline, and Germany completed the world’s longest repurposing of a natural gas pipeline.Announced underground hydrogen storage projects could provide 11 TWh of capacity by 2035 (335 kt H₂), but just over 7% has reached…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Trade
…Asia. Australia, the world’s largest exporter of metallurgical coal, maintained stable export volumes at 153 Mt. Mongolia, the second-largest exporter, recorded a 5% increase, reaching 56 Mt, with all volumes directed to the Chinese market. The United States and Russia increased exports by 11% each to 52 Mt and to 49 Mt respectively. In contrast, Canada experienced a decline in export volumes during the year. Global coal trade set to reverse course in 2025 Looking ahead to 2025, we expect global coal trade to decline, reversing the upward trend observed in 2024. This shift will be led by China…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Prices
…coal producers. International thermal coal prices fall amid reduced demand from China After the historic price spikes and extreme volatility of 2022, global thermal coal markets entered a phase of significant correction in 2023. This shift was driven by a combination of expanding supply, softening natural gas prices, reduced concerns over energy security, and the realignment of trade flows in response to sanctions on Russian coal exports. The ARA and Newcastle FOB price benchmarks began to decline from late 2022, reflecting a broader rebalancing of market fundamentals.In 2023 and 2024, thermal coal prices peaked at European ports, reaching approximately…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Electricity supply
…in the United States and declined by less than expected in the European Union. 2025 marked the first time in five decades that China and India saw simultaneous declines. In China, strong growth in renewable and nuclear generation, coupled with slower electricity demand growth than in 2024, helped drive coal‑fired output down. In India, coal use declined due to a rapid expansion of renewables and an early and strong monsoon, with renewables posting their largest‑ever annual increase. In the United States, higher natural gas prices compared with 2024, strong demand growth and slower coal plant retirements pushed coal‑fired generation higher…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Key findings
…3 million barrels per day of oil and 130 billion cubic metres of natural gas). Many actors have set targets for lowering methane emissions by 2030, and momentum to drive down methane emissions has grown since the launch of the Global Methane Pledge in 2021 and the Oil and Gas Decarbonization Charter in 2023. Yet so far, few countries or companies have formulated real implementation plans for these commitments, and even fewer have demonstrated verifiable emissions reductions. Methane emissions are widely underreported Little or no measurement-based data is used to report methane emissions in most parts of the world…
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Renewables 2025 Biogases
…rural economic growth. Global combined biogas and biomethane production is expected to expand 22% from 2025 to 2030 This represents a 4% increase in 2030 from last year’s forecast. Net growth will come from biomethane owing to its versatility and the opportunity to use natural gas grids and equipment, which could make it possible to displace fossil fuels for hard-to-electrify uses with minimum infrastructure investment. However, direct biogas use, mainly for electricity or combined heat and power (CHP) generation, remains a relevant growth driver in regions with limited gas pipeline infrastructure (e.g. Brazil, India and China…
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Biogas and biomethane outlook to 2050
…in 2035. Use of biomethane in the power sector triples by 2035 due to its ability to replace natural gas in combined- or open cycle gas turbines; this provides more power system flexibility compared to combined heat and power units with local biogas. Growth also occurs within the industry and buildings sectors, where usage reaches 65 bcme and 60 bcme respectively by 2050 in the STEPS. Transport remains a small fraction of overall biogases usage, in the form of compressed or liquefied biomethane, but nevertheless plays a role in fuel switching. In emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs), fuel switching…
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Understanding methane emissions
Atmospheric methane concentrations continue to rise Methane (CH4) is the second-most harmful greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO2), trapping outgoing heat and warming the atmosphere through a process known as radiative forcing. Though it lingers in the atmosphere for far less time (12 years, compared with centuries for CO2), methane absorbs substantially more energy while it does. Cutting methane emissions therefore promises significant near-term climate benefits. Methane carries other hazards, too: it contributes to the formation of ground-level (tropospheric) ozone, a harmful pollutant, and methane leaks can also pose explosion risks.Atmospheric methane concentrations today are 2…
