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Tunisia
Tunisia mostly relies on gas imports to meet its primary energy needs: almost 97% of its electricity generation came from gas in 2016. However, energy policy puts the emphasis on renewable energy. Electricity generation from wind power strongly increased since 2014.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Introduction and context
…energy infrastructure in the region, the crisis has led to a near halt in tanker movements through the Strait of Hormuz. Crude and oil product flows through the Strait have fallen from around 20 million barrels per day (mb/d) before the conflict to a near standstill. With limited capacity to bypass the waterway and storage filling up, Gulf countries have cut oil production by at least 10 mb/d. In the absence of a rapid resumption of shipping flows, supply losses are set to increase.This loss of supply is having major impacts in global oil and gas markets…
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Ukraine’s Energy Security As Ukraine heads into another heating season, six measures can help improve energy security
…measures, can serve as a strong means of protecting key energy facilities. Ukraine has been investing in lighter passive defence – such as gabions and sandbags, as well as anti-drone netting – as well as a second level of protection whereby reinforced concrete structures are erected around important infrastructure such as substations and autotransformers. These measures, combined with air defence, have successfully repelled some recent attacks. However, further investment remains necessary as Russia continues to update its attack strategies and increase the number of drones and missiles deployed.Efforts to optimise supply chains for key energy equipment also remain crucial, as…
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Australia
…Net Zero emissions by 2050, while ensuring a just and inclusive energy transition through the guidance of the Net Zero Authority under the Prime Minister’s office. By 2030, the government aims to reach the clean electricity target of 82% of renewable energy. In addition to this target, Australia is implementing a new 2030 critical minerals strategy and gas market reforms to boost energy security during the transition. Flexibility, fuel availability and resilient infrastructure will become even more vital as Australia’s energy system incorporates very high shares of variable renewables and faces more frequent and more extreme weather events.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Romania
By 2020, the objective of Romania is to guarantee the efficient operation of its energy system under security conditions. Romania also plans to meet the obligations set by EU in terms of greenhouse gas emissions through its legislative package “Climate changes – renewable energies”.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Demand
Highlights Global hydrogen demand reached almost 100 Mt in 2024 and is expected to surpass that milestone in 2025. This increase is being driven by demand for industrial products that use hydrogen as a feedstock, rather than being the result of successful implementation of energy and climate policies.Demand is still almost exclusively from established sectors (refining, ammonia, methanol and fossil-based direct reduced iron [DRI]), with demand for new applications (biofuels upgrading, new industrial uses, mobility, power or synthetic fuels) growing but from a very low base – less than 1% of demand.Low-emissions hydrogen use increased by nearly 10…
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has moved forward in the implementation of energy efficiency standards on key sectors and end-uses linked to their energy saving potential. These standards are focused on and the transport and building sectors. For example, new buildings are now required to be insulated.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Prices: Trends in wholesale markets differ across regions
…Australia saw lower wholesale prices compared to the previous year in the face of varying demand and generation trends, among other factors. At the same time, a number of markets continued to observe an increase in the occurrence of negative electricity prices. A detailed discussion of negative electricity prices and their drivers can be found in our Electricity 2025 report. Higher gas prices put upwards pressure on European and US electricity prices In the European Union, wholesale electricity prices averaged around USD 90/MWh in the first half of 2025, about 30% higher compared to the same period in 2024…
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Angola
Angola is set to become the largest producer of crude oil in Southern Africa, yet has also set the foundation for the sustainable development of renewables, through investments and supportive measures. Angola has particularly strong hydropower generation potential that remains underutilised.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Jae Sun Lee
Former Energy Analyst.
