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Sustainable Transport for Georgia: A Roadmap Executive summary
Georgia is at a pivotal point in shaping sustainable transport policy. This roadmap guides policy makers in making transport cleaner, fairer and more efficient while building on Georgia’s strengths – its location, institutions, competitive wages, low-emissions electricity and natural resources. Key opportunities include assembling and producing electric vehicles; manufacturing cells and battery components for mobility and storage; strengthening regional freight links; and developing low-emission fuels.Road transport has become cleaner and more efficient, but progress needs to accelerate. Car ownership and freight activity have risen along with incomes, but this comes at a cost: Nearly all of Georgia…
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World Energy Investment 2025 Executive summary
Despite elevated geopolitical tensions and economic uncertainty, this tenth edition of the IEA’s World Energy Investment shows that capital flows to the energy sector are set to rise in 2025 to USD 3.3 trillion, a 2% rise in real terms on 2024. Around USD 2.2 trillion is going collectively to renewables, nuclear, grids, storage, low-emissions fuels, efficiency and electrification, twice as much as the USD 1.1 trillion going to oil, natural gas and coal. Open questions about the economic and trade outlook means that some investors are adopting a wait-and-see approach to new project approvals, but we have yet…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for solid fuels
Recent developments have dealt a blow to the idea that global coal demand might soon subside. The drop in coal demand in 2020 was more than offset by a strong rebound in 2021, taking it very close to its all-time high. In advanced economies, where coal use had been declining, demand increased by nearly 10%. In emerging market and developing economies, which account for just over 80% of global coal use today, demand rose by 5%.Coal production in 2021 struggled to keep pace with one of the largest ever annual increases in demand. Markets have been further upended…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case studies
China’s outbound energy engagement spans a wide range of technologies, financing structures and institutional actors. While aggregate trends reveal a system that is becoming more diversified, risk-sensitive and commercially oriented, the specific pathways through which Chinese capital supports energy transitions in EMDE become clearer when examined at the project level.The following case studies illustrate this diversity in practice, from large-scale renewable deployment and grid modernisation to industrial decarbonisation, equity participation in regional infrastructure platforms and upstream resource development. Together, they show how different parts of China’s official financing system interact with local conditions, how technical…
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Renewable Energy Master Plan
The Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) seeks to increase the share of renewable electricity in Nigeria, from 13% of electricity generation -mainly met by large hydro- in 2015, to 23% in 2025 and 36% by 2030. A main driver for such increase is the diversification of the national electricity mix.
Targets for installed electricity capacity are included for Hydro, Solar PV, wind, biomass and solar thermal technologies. Installed capacity should reach 600 MW in 2015 and 2, 000 MW by 2025 for small hydro, 500 MW for solar PV, rise dramatically from 50 MW in 2015 to 400 MW by… -
Copper prices have hit record highs, but smelters face mounting strategic pressures
copper Copper markets enter uncharted territory as structural and short-term pressures converge Copper prices have surged to record highs this year, briefly exceeding USD 14 500 per tonne (intraday) in January 2026, having only passed USD 12 000 per tonne for the first time in December 2025. The unprecedented price levels have been driven by some important short-term developments, including supply disruptions at several major mines and a build-up of US copper inventories due to tariff uncertainty. But they have also been underpinned by some underlying factors, such as challenges in developing new copper mines and the…
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Supply: Renewables grow the most, followed by gas and nuclear
As highlighted in our annual Electricity 2025 report, low-emissions energy sources are reaching new milestones globally in our forecast period. Renewables are poised to surpass coal-fired generation, depending on weather trends and economic developments, either as early as 2025 or in 2026. As a result, coal’s share in total generation is set to drop below 33% for the first time in the last 100 years.Solar PV and wind energy are key drivers of this trend, with their combined share in global electricity generation expected to rise from 15% in 2024 to 17% in 2025 and to above…
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Energy Efficiency 2025 Executive summary
Global energy efficiency progress sees improvement in 2025, but remains off track to meet global goal Global energy efficiency progress is set to improve by 1.8% in 2025, up from around 1% in 2024. Preliminary estimates indicate that several key regions are showing some signs of stronger progress compared to their average since 2019. For example, energy intensity progress in 2025 is estimated to be over 3% in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter “China”) and over 4% in India, well above their averages in the years since 2019. In the United States and the European Union (EU…
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Global Energy and Climate Model
Scenario analysis of future energy trends Global Energy and Climate Model Over the past four years, the IEA has worked to develop a new integrated modelling framework: the IEA’s Global Energy and Climate (GEC) Model. This model is now the principal tool used to generate detailed sector-by-sector and region-by-region long-term scenarios across IEA's publications, including the World Energy Outlook series and Energy Technology Perspectives series.In 2021, the IEA adopted for the first time a new hybrid modelling approach relying on the strengths of both models. The integrated framework of the IEA’s Global…
