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Gaining an Edge Energy demand and competitiveness
…determinant of long-term investment, jobs and business competitiveness. Finding ways to reduce energy costs while producing more or better products is good for both profitability and overall economic growth. While energy prices are volatile in many countries, recent high prices combined with instability and fragmentation in energy markets have widened energy price gaps between regions. Concerns centre on how higher energy costs erode profitability, push up inflation and cause industries to downsize or relocate, due to shifting decisions on long-term investment.Energy efficiency offers a way to structurally lower energy costs year after year, while providing the same…
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Coal 2025 Demand
…with flexible coal-fired power supporting renewables and coal demand increasing for chemical production, offsetting declines in cement and other industries. ASEAN countries’ demand continues to expand on the back of new power capacity and metals processing activity. Overall, the picture is a complex interplay between expansion in emerging markets and the phase-out challenges in mature systems.In the period to 2030, global coal demand is forecast to continue its plateau, albeit falling slightly by the end of the decade. In our forecast, global coal demand in 2030 is expected to the level seen in the years prior to…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Energy technology manufacturing and trade
…domestic production. In other major importing regions, average costs of batteries are estimated to have fallen due to lower global commodity prices. The manufacturing project pipeline has contracted across most clean energy technologies since 2024. The capacity of announced projects that have been completed or cancelled since the last review exceeds that of newly announced projects. This reflects well-supplied markets for several clean energy technologies, notably for solar PV and batteries, and uncertainty about the pace of future deployment. Industry margins have tightened across the board. Solar PV manufacturers have seen margins collapse under intense price competition, notably in…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Trade and infrastructure
Highlights Trade is a major driver of project announcements. Nearly 45% of low-emissions hydrogen from announced production projects is intended for export, exceeding 16 Mtpa H₂-eq by 2030 if all materialise. Yet export-oriented projects are less likely to reach the investment stage, with only 5% having done so. These projects tend to be large scale, lacking off-takers. More than half are in emerging and developing economies, where affordable capital and export infrastructure may be limited.Some governments are supporting the large-scale offtake of low-emissions hydrogen by providing funds for long-term premiums through competitive auctions. However…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for solid fuels
…fired power generation reached a historic high in 2021. Both China and India have boosted investment in domestic coal production, but global production struggled to keep pace with demand increases, causing coal prices to surge. Russia – the world’s third-largest coal exporter – and its invasion of Ukraine complicated coal market dynamics and brought additional pressure on prices.The outlook for coal is heavily dependent on the strength of the world’s resolve to address climate change. In the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), coal demand declines gradually. In the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), it declines about 20% below current levels…
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Coal 2025 Supply
Coal production plateaus in 2025 as structural shifts emerge to 2030 In 2024, global coal production hit a record high of 9.1 billion tonnes, largely driven by increased output in China, India and Indonesia. China retained its position as the world’s leading coal producer, maintaining output at 4 666 Mt. Coal remains the primary energy source in both China and India, making domestic production a cornerstone of their energy security strategies. Following supply shortages in 2021, both countries have ramped up coal production for several years in a row.At 9 111 Mt, global coal production in 2025 is projected to remain at 2024…
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- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Progress summary dashboard
Production Electrolysers Policies Investment
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Southeast Asia’s energy challenges and emerging opportunities
The Middle East crisis has exposed Southeast Asia’s vulnerability to fossil fuel supply shocks and the limits of short-term emergency responses. Before the crisis, around 60% of the region’s crude oil imports and a third of its gas imports came from the Middle East, while 45% of its oil product supply was linked to Middle Eastern crude once refinery feedstocks and indirect product trade are included. Governments have responded with demand-reduction measures, tax relief, subsidies, price caps and targeted support to cushion households and firms from higher fuel and electricity costs. However, these measures add to…
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Energy Business Council Structure
Dialogue among the IEA, the business community and policymakers The IEA Energy Business Council (EBC) brings together some of the world’s largest companies involved in energy exploration, production and consumption, ranging from oil, natural gas and coal companies to automobile and appliance manufacturers, wind and solar producers and financial institutions. The aim of EBC is to promote dialogue among the IEA, business community and policymakers across a broad range of cross-cutting iss...
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Saudi Arabia 2020 International collaborations - G20
IEA Contribution to G20 Under the Saudi Presidency of the Group of Twenty (G20), the IEA played a crucial role in convening an Extraordinary G20 Energy Ministerial on 10 April 2020 in the context of the turmoil in global oil markets. The IEA Executive Director updated Energy Ministers of the G20 on the state of energy markets and energy security at their regular G20 Energy Ministers Meeting on 27 September 2020. Ahead of the Ministerial, the voice of global business, t...