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World Energy Outlook 2025 Overview and key findings
…less than 10% of global growth in electricity demand, but this is a larger factor in the United States where a large share of new data centres are located. Today, around 730 million people still live without electricity, and nearly 2 billion rely on polluting cooking methods. As things stand, the world is not on track to close this huge gap in the provision of modern energy. Our new analysis draws on lessons from countries that have achieved rapid progress and outlines a new pathway to universal access, reaching this milestone in 2035 for electricity and 2040 for clean cooking.
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World Energy Investment 2026 How we track investment in energy
Tracking energy investment The way investment is measured across the energy spectrum varies, largely because of differences in the availability of data and the nature of expenditures. This document highlights the methodology used to ensure that the estimates are consistent and comparable across sectors in the World Energy Investment 2026 (WEI 2026) report and other publications from the International Energy Agency. The IEA measures investment as the ongoing capital spending on assets. For some sectors, such as power generation, this investment is spread out evenly from the year in which a new plant or upgrade of an existing one takes…
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World Energy Investment 2025 How we track investment in energy
…data for energy demand, supply and trade, and estimates of unit capacity costs, analysis of which benefits from extensive interaction with industry. By default, investment data are given in year 2024 US dollars, adjusted using country-level gross domestic product (GDP) deflators and 2024 exchange rates. Unless otherwise stated, all time series and historical comparisons are presented in real 2024 US dollar terms, adjusted for inflation.This investment approach mirrors real-world practices and aligns with capital expenditure in financial reporting. In reality, time lags and varied spending occur between FID and project operation. Where possible, financial and energy performance…
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Electricity 2026 Emissions
…slight decrease of around 1%. In the European Union, emissions from electricity generation fell by 2.2%. By contrast, US emissions increased by 4.3% due to higher coal-fired generation.Between 2026 and 2030, China’s CO₂ emissions from electricity generation are forecast to fall on average by 0.2% per year as low-emissions energy sources constrain coal-fired output, and despite continued robust electricity demand growth. Following the decline in 2025, India is forecast to see emissions rise by an annual average of 2.4%, as demand posts steady growth through 2030, with coal remaining the dominant…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Targeted consumer support to enhance energy affordability
…from around 40 countries that are deploying or considering deploying emergency measures to shelter consumers from price increases. Immediate government responses have been to implement price caps, fuel subsidies and shifts in taxation, along with price stabilisation mechanisms that can quickly set limits on consumer price increases. Previous crises, including the Covid-19 pandemic and the 2022 energy crisis, demonstrated that impacts often fall disproportionately on the poorer segments of the population. On top of this general effect, consumers and small businesses in remote and Island territories are often very exposed to increases in oil prices. Even in normal times…
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Renewables 2025 Renewable heat
…largest increases came from India, led by the expansion of the sugar and ethanol industries, where biomass residue play a central role and a rising use of electricity for process heat. In the European Union, growth was mainly due to greater electrification of industrial use and the expanding role of geothermal energy thanks to strong policy measures (e.g. grants and drilling-risk insurance), infrastructure support and emerging strategies such as clean-heat targets and carbon pricing.In the buildings sector, three-quarters of renewable heat developments in the past six years took place in China, the European Union and…
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Electricity 2026 Flexibility
…to refining price signals, including offering free electricity to customers. Demand response offers breakthrough benefits, yet its potential is largely untapped With the share of variable renewable energy (VRE) sources in electricity supply rising rapidly in many regions and end-use sectors such as heating and transport becoming progressively more electrified, demand flexibility has become an essential component for power systems. In this evolving energy landscape, demand response (DR) programmes are becoming an increasingly important flexibility tool, enabling households and businesses to shift or shed their electricity use in response to grid or market signals.In exchange, DR plans offer…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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World Energy Investment 2025 European Union
…fossil fuel power to 35:1, from 6:1 ten years ago. Moreover, investment in buildings energy efficiency has nearly doubled over the past decade to USD 100 billion, and the region is a leader in sustainable debt issuance for green buildings.The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine sharply reduced Russian gas exports to the European Union, leading to a supply crisis and driving prices to record high levels. Aside from ramping up support for renewables and energy efficiency, EU countries have also diversified gas supplies, notably by increasing LNG imports from the United States. This has contributed to a stabilisation…
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Electricity 2026 Prices
Affordability and competitiveness take centre stage Average wholesale electricity prices in 2025 rose year-on-year in multiple regions and countries, including Europe and the United States, while others such as India and Australia saw lower prices compared to 2024. Looking at electricity prices for energy-intensive industries, significant variations across regions remain. EU electricity prices for energy‑intensive industries stayed elevated in 2025, again averaging over twice US levels and nearly 50% above those in China, similar to 2024, adding competitive pressure.At the same time, negative wholesale electricity prices became more common across many markets. Exceptions include the Nordic region…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Implications of CPS and STEPS
…extreme weather events caused operational disruptions to critical energy infrastructure and power outages to 210 million households in 2023. Extreme temperatures driving up peak demand could lead to a loss of two-thirds of planning reserve margins in the worst affected regions, underlining the need for increased climate resilience planning and implementation. High levels of emissions point towards a temperature rise above pre-industrial levels of 2.9 °C in the CPS and 2.5 °C in the STEPS by 2100, well above the levels targeted in the Paris Agreement. Energy security indicators Energy security cannot be measured with a single indicator…