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Coal 2025 Demand
…2030, while ASEAN countries contribute 127 Mt, driven by Indonesia and Viet Nam. In contrast, the European Union and the United States register further declines of 153 Mt and 106 Mt, respectively, as phase-out policies and fuel switching accelerate. In the rest of the world coal demand declines by 179 Mt, reflecting mixed trends across Africa, South Asia (excluding India) and other emerging markets.Across all regions, coal’s operational role is evolving. In Asia coal remains critical for electricity security and industrial processes, but its share in power generation declines steadily as renewables scale up. Advanced economies continue to phase out coal in power generation…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2024 Executive summary
…to polluted air, far exceeding the World Health Organization’s recommended safe limits, leading to 300 000 premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and 240 000 from indoor air pollution linked to the use of polluting fuels for cooking. The region also faces risks from extreme weather, including a crippling heat wave in 2024 and heightened flood risks around rivers and coastal areas.Fossil fuels – led by coal – have met nearly 80% of Southeast Asia’s rising energy demand since 2010. Today, oil and coal each make up over a quarter of the region’s energy demand, with natural gas…
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Energy efficiency and fuel switching regulations
…Global energy intensity has improved by around 30% over the past 25 years, meaning the world uses about 30% less energy per unit of economic output today than it did in 2000, with differentiated trends by key end uses: passenger cars and air conditioners have notably seen efficiency improvements for new sales of 30% and 45%, respectively since 2005. However, the pace of improvement has slowed over the past 15 years, from an annual rate of about 2.2% in the early 2010s to about 1% in 2024, alongside a general slowdown in industrial value-added growth.Minimum energy performance standards…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Dashboard
…official-sector financing for energy across EMDE, enabling users to explore project-level data by year, recipient country or region, technology, instrument, provider type and currency (when applicable). Developed to bring greater understanding of China’s diverse financing channels, the dashboard allows users to filter and compare flows in either USD (2024, MER) or by project count. It is designed to complement the analysis in this report and to support deeper understanding of how different institutions and instruments shape China’s role in EMDE energy finance.Use the filters to explore how Chinese energy finance is distributed around the world…
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Global Energy Review 2025 Electricity
Electricity demand growth surged in 2024 Global electricity demand increased by 4.3% in 2024, a step change from the 2.5% growth seen in 2023. The average pace of electricity demand growth from 2010 to 2023 was 2.7%, double the rate of total energy demand growth over the same period. Electrification picked up across sectors, raising electricity demand in most major economies in 2024. China accounted for the largest share of electricity consumption growth, but increases were seen globallyAlmost all regions saw an acceleration in the rate of electricity consumption growth in 2024 compared with the annual average…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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Ensuring a Strong Labour Dimension for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions
…global energy system, providing key services across many areas of the energy sector. To give a greater voice to the labour perspective in energy and climate policy discussions, the IEA Executive Director convened the Clean Energy Labour Council in 2022. The Labour Council is made up of representatives of the world’s most important national trade unions and trade union confederations, as well as prominent thinkers on the topic, to foster engagement between the IEA, energy policy makers, and the labour movement.One of the main topics for the IEA Clean Energy Labour Council is ensuring a just energy transition…
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Cost of Capital Observatory Dashboard
Overview The dashboard is a free resource that provides data on the cost of capital focused on clean energy projects in emerging and developing economies. It also provides information of the main underlying risks perceived by investors and financiers in each country as well as case studies. We hope these resources will help drive policy changes that can lower financing costs in the parts of the world that most need it. For additional information on how to estimate the cost of capital, this IEA article highlights the importance of financing costs in the energy transition, defines what financing costs are (also commonly…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case studies
China’s outbound energy engagement spans a wide range of technologies, financing structures and institutional actors. While aggregate trends reveal a system that is becoming more diversified, risk-sensitive and commercially oriented, the specific pathways through which Chinese capital supports energy transitions in EMDE become clearer when examined at the project level.The following case studies illustrate this diversity in practice, from large-scale renewable deployment and grid modernisation to industrial decarbonisation, equity participation in regional infrastructure platforms and upstream resource development. Together, they show how different parts of China’s official financing system interact with local conditions, how technical…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Deployment of clean energy technologies, materials and fuels
Outlook Many clean energy technologies are increasingly cost-competitive and growing strongly. Their aggregate market value has grown 20% on average per year since 2015 to reach nearly USD 1.2 trillion. Some 80% of global solar PV and wind generation now occurs at lower levelised costs than for coal or gas. Battery prices have dropped 75% since 2015, pushing electric car sales to around 25% share in 2025. Deployment increases in all IEA scenarios: in the Current Policies Scenario (CPS), their global market value nearly doubles to around USD 2 trillion in 2035, greater than the oil market in…
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Gas Market Report, Q2-2025 Executive summary
…update. In contrast with previous years, this relatively strong growth was largely driven by Europe and North America. In Europe, gas consumption increased by nearly 10% y-o-y as lower renewable electricity output supported higher gas burn in the power sector. Periods of low wind power generation highlighted the key role gas-fired power plants can play in ensuring electricity supply security in energy markets increasingly dominated by variable renewables. In North America, a colder winter pushed natural gas consumption to an all-time high, with demand growth largely supported by stronger gas use in buildings. In contrast, gas…
