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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for gaseous fuels
…a transition fuel. As a result, the era of rapid global growth in natural gas demand is drawing to a close. In the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), demand rises by less than 5% between 2021 and 2030, compared with a 20% rise between 2011 and 2020. It then remains flat from 2030 at around 4 400 billion cubic metres (bcm) through to 2050, with growth in emerging market and developing economies offset by declines in advanced economies. In the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), demand soon peaks and is 10% lower than 2021 levels by 2030. In the Net Zero Emissions by 2050…
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Understanding methane emissions
…including over 4 Mt from abandoned mines, plus around 1 Mt from end-use equipment. Around 18 Mt came from the incomplete combustion of bioenergy, mostly from the traditional use of biomass, and another 2 Mt from modern bioenergy production. Upstream operations are responsible for the majority of methane emissions from fossil fuel operations Fossil fuels generate emissions across the supply chain. These can stem from intentional releases, often due to the design of the facility or equipment (e.g. tanks that vent to the atmosphere), operational requirements (e.g. venting a pipeline for inspection and maintenance) or occur for…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Current Policies Scenario (CPS)
…in the CPS, we assume that potential constraints, whether due to insufficient infrastructure, a lack of institutional capacity or financing, or the absence of continued policy support, slow the uptake of these new technologies.The CPS sees higher levels of total energy demand and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions than our other scenarios. This should not be taken as a sign that more energy needs are met in the CPS than in the other scenarios. Slightly higher prices curtail energy service demands in some cases, for example, reducing the distances projected to be travelled by car, while the slowdown in efficiency…
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Global Energy Review 2025 Oil
Oil demand growth loses momentum Growth in global oil demand slowed markedly in 2024, with consumption rising by 0.8% (1.5 EJ or 830 kb/d) to 193 EJ after jumping by 1.9% in 2023. This reflected the end of the post-pandemic mobility rebound, slower industrial growth and the increasing impact of electric vehicles. This 0.8% increase in demand – below the pre-pandemic growth rate of over 1% in the decade to 2019 – was closely in line with the IEA’s first forecast for 2024 set out in June 2023, which noted that structural macroeconomic trends would…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency for Business Quality and reputation
…occurrence of defects. These effects are particularly important in manufacturing sectors where small deviations can affect product quality and increase waste.For example, an industrial bakery in Switzerland implemented a highly efficient centralised cooling system with CO₂-refrigerant and advanced controls. The system allowed for a more constant controlled temperature and reduced downtime, improving product quality and consistency, all while reducing energy costs and embodied refrigerant emissions.Similar effects are observed in other manufacturing processes. For instance, at an Irish insulation company, replacing an inefficient moulding machine with a more efficient one, combined with waste heat recovery, led to more…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Supply chain risks and industrial competitiveness
…Concentration is also high in metal and mineral refining. China processes over 70% of lithium, cobalt, graphite and rare earths. Similarly, in mining, two-thirds of cobalt comes from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and 85% of natural graphite from China. This heightens exposure to risks of disruption.Around half of global clean energy technology trade passes through the Strait of Malacca, the sector’s most critical shipping chokepoint. Blockages at Malacca, Suez, or other major routes could increase transit times, fuel use and freight costs, underscoring the importance of diversified transport networks for supply security. Industrial competitiveness Industria...
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Achieving access for all
…solid biomass each account for around 4-6% of households that gain access, while natural gas plays a limited role in dense urban areas with planned infrastructure. The benefits of this transition by 2040 are immense: it cuts premature deaths due to household air pollution by almost two-thirds, significantly reduces the time spent cooking, and delivers net emissions reductions of 1.25 gigatonnes carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) annually. The global electricity access gap closes just after 2035. Over 45% of new connections are from grid extensions; 30% from mini-grids, which are a good match for dense, remote communities…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Cooking fuels
…and targeted incentives can improve the affordability, provided supply chains can accommodate the increased demand.How governments can enable this: Governments can encourage those households to use their electric devices more when they own it or support greater electric appliances adoption with targeted incentives for lower-income families. Any incentive scheme should prioritise those with limited resources, and consideration should also be given to the availability of appliance stocks and grid capacity.Policy examples: Indonesia is accelerating the conversion of LPG to induction stoves to reduce fuel imports and subsidy burdens. In India, the government of Andhra Pradesh, for example…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Clean cooking infrastructure
…region is imported. On the distribution side, additional bottling facilities and specialised vehicles for safe transportation are required. With nearly 20 plants operating, cylinder manufacturing is a market segment where local players could have a competitive edge – provided quality meets international standards.Consumer uptake of electric cooking is on the rise globally, and in some countries, it has been a strategy to reduce fuel imports and better utilise electricity infrastructure. In South Africa, for example, over 80% of the population cooks with electricity. Successful rollout depends on increased reliability. Even for the 51% of Africans with electricity today, many do not…
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World Energy Investment 2025 Source, flows and destination of global energy-related investment spending
Most energy investment is supported by commercial finance and made by private sponsors, but the sources of finance vary widely by technology and region. Today, 75% of the available finance for investment in the energy sector is commercial finance, but domestic and international public finance play important roles that vary widely across regions and sectors.
