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Gaining an Edge Opportunities in efficiency markets
…double the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements.These dynamics have triggered a strong increase in demand for energy efficiency technologies. For example, the market for electric vehicles (EVs) and batteries has grown nearly six-fold from 2020 to 2023, while heat pump markets grew by 36% in the same timeframe. This momentum continued in 2024 with global electric car sales exceeding 17 million. In 2025, sales are expected to surpass 20 milion, accounting for more than one-quarter of cars sold worldwide. Correspondingly, the demand for EV batteries expanded to over 950 GWh in 2024.This has…
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Emissions: Power generation CO2 emissions are plateauing
Global emissions from electricity generation rose by 1.2% in 2024, following an increase of 1.6% in 2023. Last year was even hotter than in 2023 – making it the warmest year on record – with the heat waves boosting electricity demand for cooling. Nonetheless, growth in power sector emissions showed signs of slowing down as rapid deployment of renewables constrained increases in fossil-fired generation. As this trend continues, we expect 2025 emissions to plateau and remain relatively unchanged. In 2026, we forecast a slight decline of less than 1%, as the increase in low-emissions generation depresses fossil-fired…
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World Energy Employment 2025 Executive summary
…moving to EV assembly lines – but it also reflects the creation of new jobs in areas like manufacturing batteries and installing electric industrial equipment.Demand for workers is increasing across all parts of the energy system, not just electricity, as the world remains thirsty for energy. Coal supply jobs have seen a resurgence in India, China and Indonesia in recent years, leading to global employment levels 8% higher in 2024 than in 2019, despite a 20% decline in advanced economies over that period. Oil and gas supply has recovered most of the jobs lost in 2020, as global production capacity…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Energy technology manufacturing and trade
…collapse under intense price competition, notably in China, with the top ten firms posting USD 4.5 billion in losses in 2024. Western wind producers, which incurred losses in 2022-23, are beginning to recover, while profits at Chinese wind firms are being squeezed by falling prices. Chinese battery makers remain profitable on average thanks to a small number of high performers, but those outside China are struggling to maintain positive margins. Outlook Due to a large overhang of manufacturing capacity for several clean energy technologies – notably solar PV and batteries – the investment in manufacturing capacity needed to keep pace with global...
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Sustainable Transport for Georgia: A Roadmap Sustainable transport roadmap
…completed or underway in the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) and the 2024-2025 Climate Action Plan. Some prospects, such as partnering with global firms to build domestic low-emissions technology capacity, have not yet been realised, but should be considered.Georgia’s strong renewable electricity base, strategic location as a link between Asia and Europe, and skilled workforce create advantages for developing electric battery and vehicle value chains, expanding freight hubs and deep-sea ports, and even potentially producing electrolytic hydrogen and low-emissions hydrogen derivatives for export to the European Union. Partnerships with leaders in EV assembly…
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Energy Efficiency 2025 Executive summary
Global energy efficiency progress sees improvement in 2025, but remains off track to meet global goal Global energy efficiency progress is set to improve by 1.8% in 2025, up from around 1% in 2024. Preliminary estimates indicate that several key regions are showing some signs of stronger progress compared to their average since 2019. For example, energy intensity progress in 2025 is estimated to be over 3% in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter “China”) and over 4% in India, well above their averages in the years since 2019. In the United States and the European Union (EU…
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Global Energy Review 2025 Electricity
…of electricity consumption growth in 2024 compared with the annual average from 2012 to 2022. Globally, electricity consumption increased by 1 080 TWh, nearly two times the annual average of the past decade. In China, electricity consumption increased by more than 550 TWh (7%), almost as much as the average annual global increase in electricity consumption over the previous decade (2013-2023) and well above the China’s own average increases during this period.In 2023, advanced economies saw a 140 TWh decline in electricity consumption due to soft industrial output in some countries and milder weather conditions. In 2024…
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- Global trends
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Global Energy and Climate Model Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE)
…but is uneven across sectors and countries.The context in which governments and energy companies are operating remains complex and challenging, marked by features such as increasing geopolitical fragmentation, high government debt burdens, and rising levels of concern about energy security and affordability after the global energy crisis.With these in mind, we have revisited several aspects of the design of the NZE Scenario in 2025, while maintaining the end point of net zero energy-related CO2 emissions by 2050, in order to provide an up-to-date analysis of the current state of efforts to meet the Paris Agreement target…
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The State of Energy Innovation 2025 Executive summary
…goals for all parts of the energy system. However, technological progress to tackle existing challenges and unlock new industrial opportunities relies on well-functioning innovation ecosystems and cannot be taken for granted.This report provides a unique global review of progress and challenges in energy technology innovation. It follows the IEA’s first Energy Innovation Forum, which took place in 2024 alongside the IEA Ministerial. It is designed to inform the global energy innovation agenda at a time when energy innovation is increasingly at the core of countries’ competitiveness, security and resilience strategies, as well as those for addressing climate…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Techno-economic inputs
…numbers for proven reserves. Resource estimates are subject to a considerable degree of uncertainty, as well as the distinction in the analysis between conventional and unconventional resource types.Overall, the remaining technical recoverable resources of fossil fuels remain similar to those in the World Energy Outlook 2024. All fuels are at a level sufficient to meet the projections of global energy demand growth to 2050 in all scenarios. Remaining technically recoverable resources of US tight oil (crude plus condensate) total more than 210 billion barrels. Natural gas resource numbers remain broadly similar to those of last year. Most of the remaining…