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Czechia 2025 Infographic
Infographic
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Cédric Philibert
Former Senior Renewable Energy Analyst.
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Luca Lo Re
International Climate and Energy Analyst. Luca Lo Re leads the IEA work in the OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group. With OECD colleagues, he produces papers to enhance the understanding of technical issues in international climate change negotiations and Paris Agreement implementation. In particular, his works focuses on international carbon markets (Art. 6 of the Paris Agreement). He also leads the organisation of the annual IEA-IETA-EPRI GHG Emissions Trading Workshop, and supports various works of the Agency related to Net Zero.
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Executive summary
The conflict in the Middle East has disrupted global production and trade of hydrogen-based products The Middle East is a major producer of hydrogen-based products, and the conflict has strongly impacted their production. The Middle East is home to around one-sixth of global hydrogen production, the majority dedicated to the production of chemicals, fertilisers and refined oil products. The region accounts for more than 10% of global refining capacity, ammonia and urea production, and close to 17% of methanol production. Several refineries and petrochemical plants have halted operations due to supply disruptions and the impossibility of exporting…
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Niger
Access to electricity remains a challenge in Niger and the country is reliant on electricity imports for a significant share of its supply. The country is an oil resource centre and it is one of the ten-largest uranium resource-holders in the world.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
![Niger Flag]()
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The Middle East and Global Energy Markets
The IEA is responding to the energy market impacts of the conflict in the Middle East and continues to closely monitor the latest developments.The disruption to oil and gas flows through the Strait of Hormuz and attacks on energy infrastructure across the region have major implications for energy security and affordability – and for the world economy. The IEA's Executive Director has said the combined impacts amount to "the greatest threat to global energy security in history." The war in the region that began on 28 February has impeded energy trade flows through the Strait, creating the largest supply disruption in…
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Laura Cozzi
Director, Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks. Laura Cozzi was appointed the International Energy Agency’s Director of Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks in 2023. She leads and co-ordinates the IEA’s work on energy sustainability, encompassing energy technology policy and climate change. She is also the Agency’s Chief Energy Modeller, and in this capacity co-leads the World Energy Outlook, the IEA’s flagship publication series.Ms Cozzi joined the IEA in 1999 as a junior analyst in the World Energy Outlook team. She has co-led many editions of the Outlook and led multiple special reports. Prior to joining the IEA, Ms Cozzi worked for the Italian energy company ENI S.p.A. She holds a Master’s degree in Environmental Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Milan and a Master’s degree in Energy and Environmental Economics from Eni Corporate University.Ms Cozzi was awarded an Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Cavaliere dell’ordine al merito d...
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Prices: Trends in wholesale markets differ across regions
…first half of 2025, about 30% higher compared to the same period in 2024. During H1 2025, natural gas prices were on average about 20% above the levels observed through 2024. The cost of carbon allowances under the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) increased from an average of about EUR 65 per tonne of CO2 (t CO2) in H1 2024 to around EUR 70/t CO2 in H1 2025. At the same time, lower year-on-year electricity generation from wind and hydropower during this period boosted fossil-fired generation, which further contributed to higher power prices. Latest futures prices in…
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Energy System Resilience Executive summary
Ensuring the resilience of energy systems – or their capacity to prepare for disruptions, withstand shocks while maintaining operations, and rapidly restore service – plays a key role in managing many of today’s emerging security risks, from weather disruptions to geopolitical tensions. Energy security encompasses both long-term adequacy through infrastructure investment and diverse supply sources, and short-term resilience for events beyond standard planning conditions. While countries face different threats – from extreme and severe weather to cyberattacks and infrastructure failures – a common challenge is to design adaptable systems that can respond rapidly, isolate affected components, and restore supply services swiftly…
