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Global Energy and Climate Model Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS)
Even as global energy demand continues to rise, billions of people in around 100 countries remain without access to basic modern energy services. Today nearly 2 billion people lack access to clean cooking and 730 million people lack access to electricity. Millions of households, businesses and public institutions such as clinics and schools operate without reliable modern energy. This limits productivity and hinders socioeconomic development. It also perpetuates the use of traditional biomass, with damaging consequences for health and the environment.The Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS) charts a path to achieve universal access to clean cooking and electricity based…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Manufacturing and trade
…rise from the previous year. Other European countries, principally the United Kingdom, continued to be the main destinations for EU exports, representing two-thirds of the total. Recent tariff hikes in the United States reduced North America’s share of EU exports by nearly four percentage points, though export volumes were similar to 2024 levels. Despite growing exports, the EU net trade balance narrowed as imports went up around 35% year-on-year to reach more than 900 000 in 2025. China accounted for almost 60% of these, equivalent to less than 20% of EU demand, a similar share to the previous year. Chinese-made electric cars sold…
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Energy System Resilience Executive summary
Ensuring the resilience of energy systems – or their capacity to prepare for disruptions, withstand shocks while maintaining operations, and rapidly restore service – plays a key role in managing many of today’s emerging security risks, from weather disruptions to geopolitical tensions. Energy security encompasses both long-term adequacy through infrastructure investment and diverse supply sources, and short-term resilience for events beyond standard planning conditions. While countries face different threats – from extreme and severe weather to cyberattacks and infrastructure failures – a common challenge is to design adaptable systems that can respond rapidly, isolate affected components, and restore supply services swiftly…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Trade
…States and Russia increased exports by 11% each to 52 Mt and to 49 Mt respectively. In contrast, Canada experienced a decline in export volumes during the year. Global coal trade set to reverse course in 2025 Looking ahead to 2025, we expect global coal trade to decline, reversing the upward trend observed in 2024. This shift will be led by China, where a combination of sluggish coal demand, healthy domestic production and high stockpiles is expected to reduce coal import by around 76 Mt. In India, the continued expansion of domestic thermal coal production is expected to significantly outpace demand growth…
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Key findings
Biogases are a hidden solution to many of today’s energy security and sustainability challenges. They turn waste into sustainable, low-emissions fuels. The attraction of biogases lies in the integration of energy, environment, waste and emissions policies and targets. Biogas can be used directly as heat by households and industry, and to produce electricity. Biomethane, which is an upgraded form of biogas, is a locally sourced, drop-in substitute for natural gas. This report assesses the global potential and costs of developing biogas and biomethane using a first-of-a-kind geospatial analysis. It provides detailed country- and region…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Clean cooking: State of play and recent progress
…Africa with the objective of making 2024 a turning point. The Summit resulted in USD 2.2 billion in public and private sector commitments, alongside pledges by twelve African governments to implement new clean cooking policies. Based on tracking by the IEA, USD 470 million has been disbursed against the commitments as of the end of June 2025. This exceeds the annualised disbursements needed to fulfil these commitments by 2030. Eight of the twelve countries that made pledges at the IEA Summit implemented new clean cooking policies since 2024, with Tanzania and Kenya demonstrating the largest increase in policy coverage since 2024…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Cement and concrete
State of the transition Emissions Total CO2 emissions are higher today than in 2015. Reductions in recent years have come from declines in global production, while direct CO2 emissions intensity remains unchanged.Both need to fall in the coming years to get on track for net zero by 2050, with contributions from improved material efficiency, greater use of alternative fuels and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and CCS. Cost Production costs for early commercial plants for near-zero emissions cement using CCS are estimated to be 75-150% higher than today’s conventional plants, varying by region.This cost premium will…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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Rare Earth Elements Executive summary
…geological deposits to refined products and permanent magnets. These stages include extraction, beneficiation, chemical upgrading, separation into oxides, metal refining, alloying and magnet manufacturing. After extraction, ores are crushed and milled to liberate minerals, which are then concentrated. Separation – the technical core of processing – converts mixed rare earth feeds into individual oxides. Refined oxides are then transformed into metals, and then into alloy powders, the primary inputs for magnet production.Among the strategic minerals analysed by the International Energy Agency (IEA), rare earths exhibit one of the highest levels of geographical concentrations across the value chain. In 2024, the Pe...
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Executive summary
…main energy security challenge. Replacing natural gas-fired heating technologies with heat pumps would improve the country’s energy security. The recent expansion of Moldova’s solar and wind capacity also means that heat pumps can now play a greater role in cutting greenhouse gas emissions and lowering local air pollution. Finally, Moldovan’s 2024 referendum, endorsing the goal of European Union membership, underscores the country’s commitment to European integration. Outlining an effective path to decarbonise energy use is a prerequisite for joining the bloc and heat pumps can play a central role in this. Overcoming barriers to heat…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Beyond NMC batteries: Supply chain issues for emerging battery technologies
The LFP battery supply chains are significantly more concentrated than those for nickel-based batteries Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries now supply almost half the global electric car market up from less than 10% in 2020, at the expense of the previously dominant nickel-based NMC lithium-ion batteries, due to improved performance and lower costs. This remarkable battery chemistry shift is leading to new battery critical mineral supply chains coming into focus beyond nickel and cobalt. Simultaneously, there is also the emergence of manganese-rich lithium-ion cathodes, sodium-ion batteries, as well as the anticipated impact of solid…
