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Global Energy Review 2025 Natural gas
Natural gas demand returned to structural growth in 2024 Following the supply shock of 2022 and 2023, natural gas markets moved towards a gradual rebalancing and returned to structural growth in 2024. Global gas demand reached a new all-time high, with over three-quarters of growth coming from emerging market and developing economies. Preliminary data indicate that gas demand increased by 2.7%, or 115 billion cubic metres (bcm) (equivalent to around 4 EJ) in 2024. This was above the around 2% annual average growth rate from 2010 to 2019 and well above the rate of around 1% between…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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Electricity 2026 Executive summary
Electricity demand is set to grow strongly through 2030 as the Age of Electricity takes hold Global electricity demand is forecast to increase at a brisk average annual rate of 3.6% over the 2026-2030 forecast period, supported by rising consumption from industry, electric vehicles, air conditioning and data centres. Worldwide electricity demand grew by 3% year-on-year in 2025. This followed growth of 4.4% in 2024, when intense heat waves and strong industrial activity in many regions boosted electricity use. Looking ahead, annual demand growth over the next five years is set to be 50% higher…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Household Energy Affordability Executive summary
Household energy affordability continues to be a key priority for governments as energy bills remain elevated Household energy bills globally have come down from the peaks seen during the global energy crisis in 2022, but on average they were still around 4% higher in real terms in 2024 than they were in 2019. Household energy bills soared in many parts of the world as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic and Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, which introduced a period of extreme volatility and a sharp run-up in prices. At the peak of the…
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Pledges to Progress 2025 Pledges to Progress Company Assessment
The assessment shown below sets out actions reported by 116 oil and gas companies to achieve the goals set out in the Oil and Gas Decarbonisation Charter, agreed at COP28. It is a baseline assessment, in that the evaluations for each metric are based on public company reporting published in 2024, which often rely on data and progress from 2023, i.e. before the OGDC was launched.This is not an assessment of environmental performance. It tracks 25 specific aspects of target-setting, implementation strategies and disclosure, based on a framework put together by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Demand
Global hydrogen demand grew almost 3% in 2025 to surpass 100 Mt, concentrated in traditional uses in industry and refining. The impacts of the conflict in the Middle East render the near-term outlook for current hydrogen applications uncertain, particularly for fertiliser production and trade.Demand for low-emissions hydrogen grew by 20% in 2025, reaching close to 1 Mt. However, sluggish and uncertain policy implementation is failing to address the major barriers to adoption and preventing faster uptake.New offtake agreements for low-emissions hydrogen reached 1.7 Mtpa in 2025, as in 2024. One-fifth of all new agreements were firm…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Buildings
Introduction Buildings account for about 30% of final energy consumption globally and more than half of electricity consumption. Doubling the global annual energy intensity improvement by 2030 would require buildings to become more efficient rapidly. An integrated policy approach combining regulation, information and incentives is the most effective way to achieve this goal. Regulatory standards such as building energy codes are among the most effective policies to not only boost energy performance and reduce emissions, but also to improve occupants' health, comfort and productivity – while enhancing climate resilience and mitigating energy price fluctuations. Buildings built after a code is introduced can…
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Energy and Gender
It comprises a number of senior officials from IEA Member countries, facilitating the exchange of best practices on gender equality and inclusion and gender mainstreaming across the energy sector. Women are vital energy consumers, producers and decision-makers who make a crucial contribution to global energy security and energy transitions. Building a more secure, fair and equitable energy future hinges on their active participation.Recognising this, the IEA’s Member countries have asked the Agency to focus on key issues at the nexus of energy and gender, from improving gender data collection to expanding analysis of the gender dimensions of…
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Gas Market Report, Q3-2025 Executive summary
Following a slowdown in 2025, global gas demand growth is forecast to accelerate in 2026 Global natural gas demand returned to structural growth in 2024 and continued to expand in the first half of 2025, albeit at a markedly slower pace. Growth was primarily concentrated in Europe and North America, with adverse weather leading to stronger gas use in the buildings and power sectors. In contrast, gas demand was subdued in Asia, with both China and India recording demand declines in the first half of 2025. Market fundamentals remained tight in the first half of 2025 due to a combination…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Key findings
Introduction Each energy crisis has echoes of the past, and the acute strains on markets today are drawing comparison with the most severe energy disruptions in modern energy history, most notably the oil shocks of the 1970s. Then, as now, there were strong geopolitical drivers for the rise in prices, which led to high inflation and economic damage. Then, as now, the crises brought to the surface some underlying fragilities and dependencies in the energy system. Then, as now, high prices created strong economic incentives to act, and those incentives were reinforced by considerations of economic and energy security.But…
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Prices: Trends in wholesale markets differ across regions
Average wholesale electricity prices in the first half of 2025 rose year-on-year in various regions, including Europe, the United States and Japan, amid higher gas prices. By contrast, countries such as India and Australia saw lower wholesale prices compared to the previous year in the face of varying demand and generation trends, among other factors. At the same time, a number of markets continued to observe an increase in the occurrence of negative electricity prices. A detailed discussion of negative electricity prices and their drivers can be found in our Electricity 2025 report. Higher gas prices put upwards…
