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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Steel
…EAF) routes are emerging as a preferred low-emissions option in certain regions. Early commercial plants using 100% hydrogen blends are estimated to cost 50-140% more than BF-BOF plants today, varying based on region, which is slowing deployment. Deployment Capacity for near-zero emissions iron by 2030 remains unchanged from 2024, at about 10 Mt. Near-zero emissions capable capacity is largely the same as in 2024, at just over 80 Mt. Of this, 25 Mt has plans to operate as near-zero emissions by 2030 but comes from early-stage projects. The rest plan to operate using natural gas initially…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Policy response to the crisis
As markets reeled from the drastic reduction in Russian pipeline gas supply to Europe and as global trade and demand patterns shifted, governments did not remain idle. Faced with the spectre of supply shortages, worsening current accounts, and inflation pressure linked to energy imports and rising energy prices for citizens and businesses alike, governments across the main LNG-importing regions rapidly implemented policy and market measures in response to the crisis. Europe The European Union and its member states adopted a number of measures to enhance security of supply and market resilience ahead of the 2022/23 heating season. However…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Industry
…to finance and energy efficiency obligation schemes can be effective tools for encouraging private sector stakeholders to advance energy efficiency priorities. Obligated parties often achieve savings of more than 100% of the target within the first 10 years. Incentives can also encourage companies to invest in the most efficient technologies and practices.More informationThis toolkit provides an overview of the most important elements of each policy instrument, but you can find more by exploring additional resources. IEA Energy Efficiency 2024IEA Energy Efficiency Progress TrackerIEA Industry OverviewIEA Energy Technology Perspectives 2024Regulatory Assistance Project Costs and Benefits of Energy Efficiency Obligation Schemes
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Global Energy Review 2025 Coal
…total coal consumption in any country except India – shrank by around 2%, as steel production declined by 1.7%. Cement production declined by around 9.5%, and we estimate a similar decline in the sector’s coal consumption. However, strong growth in coal used for chemicals and other products partially offset the wider drop in non-power coal consumption. In India, the world’s second-largest coal consumer, demand grew by around 5.5% or 40 Mtce in 2024, also reaching a new all-time high. Strong economic growth pushed up coal consumption in both the power and industry sect...
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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Renewables for Industry Executive summary
…similar electricity shares for industrial heat of around 4–5%. Increased uptake is being driven by improving cost competitiveness, expanding technology availability and stronger policy signals, alongside the benefits of reducing exposure to volatile fossil fuel prices.Renewables are rapidly transforming power systems around the world, leading to a higher share of renewables in the industrial mix via heat electrification. This linkage between industrial electricity demand and growing renewable generation is becoming an important driver of decarbonisation across industrial sectors. It contributes to greater system flexibility, strengthens energy security by reducing dependence on fossil fuel imports, and fosters economic growth…
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Scaling Up Transition Finance Executive Summary
…world’s most emissions-intensive sectors, companies, and countries are crucial to placing the world on a sustainable pathway. Yet, investments that could deliver meaningful reductions in their environmental footprint often do not receive sufficient financial support. Currently, finance is drawn heavily to certain “green” assets and activities—most prominently renewable power. While vital, these investments alone cannot deliver all the changes needed to cut global emissions, especially in areas where clean technologies are not yet commercially available or cost competitive. This is where transition finance comes in: it can help emissions-intensive countries, companies, and sectors shift over time…
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Executive summary
…and the geography of global car sales shifts. Global car sales approached 80 million in 2024 and have largely bounced back from their pandemic-related slump. Recent growth has been exclusively driven by sales of electric and hybrid cars, which made up around 30% of total car sales in 2024, while global sales of pure internal combustion engine (ICE) cars peaked in 2017 and have since fallen by 30%. By contrast, electric car sales grew more than 14-fold over the same period, reaching over one-fifth of cars sold globally in 2024. The geography of car markets is also on…
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World Energy Investment 2026 How we track investment in energy
Tracking energy investment The way investment is measured across the energy spectrum varies, largely because of differences in the availability of data and the nature of expenditures. This document highlights the methodology used to ensure that the estimates are consistent and comparable across sectors in the World Energy Investment 2026 (WEI 2026) report and other publications from the International Energy Agency. The IEA measures investment as the ongoing capital spending on assets. For some sectors, such as power generation, this investment is spread out evenly from the year in which a new plant or upgrade of an existing one takes…
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Coal 2025 Investments in coal projects and emissions abatement
…Indonesia rather than more projects actually being developed. This report classifies projects as either more advanced or less advanced based on whether they have received the necessary approvals and permits in their respective countries. The capacity of less-advanced projects declined from 275 Mtpa to 210 Mtpa. Some projects failed to obtain environmental approvals due to legal challenges and public opposition. From the 2024 list, 15 projects have been cancelled or shelved in 2025.Several less-advanced projects have transitioned into more-advanced stages, as many were awaiting administrative approvals and environmental licences. This transition, combined with the addition of new advanced projects…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Global Energy Review 2026 Electricity demand
…economies, but slowed in Asian economies In 2025, emerging market and developing economies accounted for 80% of global electricity demand growth. China’s share of the increase in global demand was 58%, higher than in 2024, when it stood at 52%, but lower than the 62% average observed over the previous decade. China’s net electricity demand surpassed 9 500 TWh in 2025, up by 5.1%, but slower than the growth of 6.6% in 2023 and 7.0% in 2024. Demand from the buildings and transport sectors continued to expand strongly, supported by rising incomes, higher appliance ownership…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
