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Financing the Modernisation of Power Systems Beyond Coal Executive summary
The role of coal in power systems is evolving This report assesses the potential applications, limitations and relevance of transition credits in Southeast Asia. Coal is the largest source of power generation worldwide and the largest source of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. All Southeast Asian countries with coal in their power generation mix have adopted commitments to reduce coal-fired generation or emissions targets that imply a significant decline in coal consumption in the coming decades. To meet these targets, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has long emphasised that a range of strategies can be deployed to reduce coal…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Stated Policies Scenario
…mb/d) around 2030 before gradually declining. Global electric car sales share rises from over 20% today to over 50% by 2035, despite lower electric vehicle (EV) sales in the United States in this Outlook. In 2035, over 840 million EVs displace 10 mb/d of oil, mainly in Asia and Europe. Oil use for petrochemicals and aviation continues to increase to 2035 and 2050. Natural gas demand increases nearly 1% annually to 2035, supported by abundant supply and major liquefied natural gas (LNG) expansions in the United States and Qatar, then levels off. Coal demand peaks before 2030 as declines in…
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World Energy Investment 2025 India
…India is working to diversify its power generation mix by promoting investment in renewables and nuclear to meet sharply rising electricity demand Electricity demand in India has been rising sharply due to increases in commercial and residential space, a surge in ownership of air conditioners and appliances, and rising demand from industry. India has seen the third-largest growth in power generation capacity in the world after China and the United States over the past five years. While growth in power generation has come from all sources, there has been a surge in investment in renewables, led by solar PV…
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Critical Mineral Traceability for Energy and Economic Security Executive summary
Risks to energy and economic security from high levels of concentration in critical mineral supply chains became a reality in 2025. All of the IEA’s six focus minerals – copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements – are set to see strong demand growth, driven by their central role in energy and strategic industrial applications. Yet diversification has lagged demand, with processing and refining remaining highly concentrated. Risks from concentration materialised in 2025 as new export controls threatened the supply of materials critical to strategic and economically important industries.Recent years have seen a proliferation of new policies and…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Financing Energy Efficiency
…businesses, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Accelerating the uptake of efficient technologies across buildings, industry, and transport is therefore critical to maximising the benefits of the global energy transition.Investment patterns, however, remain uneven. China, the United States, and the European Union continue to attract the bulk of clean‑energy capital, while many emerging and developing economies face persistent barriers, including higher financing costs and limited access to affordable capital. As a result, efficiency investment in these economies is growing far more slowly than in advanced economies and China. The IEA stresses the need to mobilise more finance, reduce investment risks…
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Ursula von der Leyen
President.
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Global Energy and Climate Model Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
The 2025 edition of the World Energy Outlook (WEO) does not include the Announced Pledges Scenario. Our assessment of the new round of NDCs due this year, generally the period to 2035, will follow once there is a more complete picture of these pledges.The Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), introduced in 2021, illustrates the extent to which announced ambitions and targets can deliver the emissions reductions needed to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. In the WEO-2024, the APS includes all recent major national announcements as of the end of August 2024, both 2030 targets and longer-term net zero…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Energy in Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is becoming an increasingly important part of the global energy system. The region accounts for 9% of the world’s population and 4% of its GDP. Energy use has risen sharply since 2015, supported by industrialisation, urbanisation, rising incomes and expanding mobility needs. This growth has helped underpin economic development and wider access to modern energy, but it has also increased exposure to global fuel markets and added to emissions. The current Middle East crisis has tested Southeast Asia’s energy security and affordability, exposing the limits of short-term responses. The region was heavily exposed to Middle…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Demand
…absolute growth, with demand rising by 82 Mt (1.7%) while India’s consumption increased by 45 Mt (4%). Additional growth was observed in Indonesia and Viet Nam. In contrast, coal demand declined significantly in advanced economies, notably in the European Union (down 40 Mt, or 11%) and the United States (down 14 Mt, or 4%), largely due to reduced coal-fired power generation.Asia-Pacific’s share of global coal consumption continued to grow, with China, India, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries estimated to have accounted for approximately 77% of total demand in 2024, more…
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Korea 2025 Infographic
Infographic
