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Industry
…or rebalanced.
Create a market for near zero-emission industrial products to incentivise uptake of innovative production processes, and develop supporting infrastructure
Creating demand for near zero-emission materials allows firms to be confident that if they invest in near zero-emission production technologies, there will be a buyer for their products. In the near term, time-limited demand creation for low-emission materials – which achieve substantial emission reductions but are not yet at near zero-emissions – can be an important step to catalyse the transition.Initial policies should guarantee long-term support for early market entrants – examples include carbon…
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Ukraine’s Energy Security A pre-winter assessment
…While Ukraine has made strong strides in rebuilding and strengthening the resilience of its energy system this past spring and summer, the situation remains fragile, and the risk of huge disruptions and widespread destabilisation remains – particularly if Russia further intensifies targeted attacks or temperatures in the months ahead are colder than expected.This analysis builds on the IEA’s September 2024 report, Ukraine’s Energy Security and the Coming Winter. It provides an update on the latest developments through October 2025 and proposes key actions that Ukraine and its partners can take to address urgent energy security vulnerabilities this winter…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap The hydrogen opportunity
Highlights Ukraine has 18-38 Mtpa of technical renewable hydrogen potential, though economic constraints would result in lower potential. Most potential is in regions with scarce water resources and competition from other industrial activities. Domestic demand for use for steel and fertilisers could reach 2.2 Mtpa, if pre-invasion capacity is restored, and the government target has set a target of 7.2 Mtpa of production by 2050. Most hydrogen production projects proposed prior to the invasion are close to the border with the European Union.Ukraine has a technical potential for solar PV and onshore wind equivalent to 9‑14 times its pre…
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Panama
Panama's National Energy Plan 2015–2050 outlines long-term strategy for the country’s energy sector development, including renewables. The Plan established that 15% of Panama’s generation capacity will come from renewables by 2030 and 50% by 2050.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Wired for water: How electrification is transforming desalination
…leading to a situation referred to as “water bankruptcy”. Over the past two decades, the number of people living in highly water-stressed areas has risen by almost 1 billion to more than 3 billion. Three-quarters of this growth occurred in extremely high-stress regions, areas where 30% of the global population live today. Around 85% live in emerging market and developing economies. Major population growth centres are already affected: in India, over 70% of the population lives in highly stressed areas, particularly in the northeast, and the number of people facing water stress today equals the country’s…
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Energy Efficiency 2025 Industry
How and where is energy used? Total final consumption in 2024 was over 450 EJ and has grown by around 25 EJ since 2019. Industry accounts for the largest share of this demand, at nearly 40%. Industry saw the strongest growth since 2019, contributing two-thirds of the total increase in global energy demand. The industrial sector can be divided into energy-intensive industries, responsible for three-quarters of total industrial demand, and less intensive industries, which are responsible for the remainder.In energy-intensive industries, energy is largely used in processes that require high-temperature heat, generally above 500°C. Efficiency improvements…
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Nicaragua
The National Energy Policy of Nicaragua establishes a policy framework for the development and exploitation of renewable sources. The law sets the objective of prioritizing the use of renewable energy in the national energy mix and of stabilizing energy prices using renewables.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Electricity 2026 Demand
…a paradigm shift. Traditionally, electricity use has closely tracked economic expansion, excluding periods of global financial crises. However, in a marked departure from the past, electricity demand is now expected to outpace economic growth on a global scale through 2030.While emerging economies continue to be the main pillars of growth in electricity use, demand in advanced economies is now rising again after a 15-year period of stagnation. The resurgence signals a new era in which electricity is a major energy input to some of the most dynamic drivers of global economies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), data centres…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Energy and AI Executive summary
…ones under construction today will consume 20 times as much. Policy makers and markets have lacked the tools to assess implications The energy sector is therefore at the heart of one of the most important technological revolutions today. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the stakes and implications of this deepening connection between energy and AI. Consistent with its strong track record of identifying and exploring emerging issues in the energy sector, this new International Energy Agency (IEA) special report seeks to fill this gap with the most comprehensive, data-driven analysis on the topic to date…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Road transport
…cars overtook 2/3-wheelers as the most electrified road transport segment. Electrification of 2/3-wheelers stagnated at about 15% in 2024.The electric bus and truck market continued to expand, growing by 30% and 75%, respectively. Sales of electric vehicles are highest in China, where around 1 in 10 cars is now electric. Success statements Zero-emission light-duty vehicle pledges are translated into policies, and more key markets join heavy-duty vehicle pledges Why is it important to achieve the success statement to reach the sectoral breakthrough goal?While significant recent growth in electric vehicle (EV) sales…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
