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National Climate Resilience Assessment for Mozambique
Mozambique’s energy system has experienced significant disruptions due to extreme weather events, notably tropical storms and cyclones. With climate change, storms are projected to intensify, as are the risks of seasonal droughts and floods, posing a threat to the reliable operation of hydropower generation and the secure operation of the country’s coal mines. Mozambique’s plans to diversify its energy supply are an important step to enhance energy security and could be complemented by targeted measures to make its electricity system more resilient to natural hazards. Storms and tropical cyclones present the most regular extreme weather event faced…
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Connie Hedegaard
Former Commissioner for Climate Action. Connie Hedegaard was a European Commissioner between 2010 and 2014. During her career, she has also served as Denmark’s Minister for Environment and Minister for Climate and Energy. She currently chairs of a number of important institutions, including the KR Foundation and Aarhus University.
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Energy in Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is becoming an increasingly important part of the global energy system. The region accounts for 9% of the world’s population and 4% of its GDP. Energy use has risen sharply since 2015, supported by industrialisation, urbanisation, rising incomes and expanding mobility needs. This growth has helped underpin economic development and wider access to modern energy, but it has also increased exposure to global fuel markets and added to emissions. The current Middle East crisis has tested Southeast Asia’s energy security and affordability, exposing the limits of short-term responses. The region was heavily exposed to Middle…
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Global car industry manufacturing clusters
Regions with strong car industries tend to operate as clusters in which supplier factories are located alongside those of parts manufacturers and material producers. This is because close co-ordination between automakers and a wide network of specialised suppliers is essential to keep costs low. Such production ecosystems also facilitate the rapid exchange of complex, often tacit, knowledge, especially during vehicle development phases where design, engineering and manufacturing decisions must be tightly aligned. This interactive map shows global data on car assembly location, as well as more detailed regional automotive clusters.
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Road transport
State of the transition Emissions Road sector emissions were just over 6 Gt CO₂ in 2024, 8% higher than in 2015. Growth averaged only 0.2% annually from 2019 to 2024, down from 1.7% per year between 2015 and 2019.Over 60% of road emissions are from passenger cars or vans, followed by trucks (about one-third), and buses and 2/3 wheelers just 7%.Since 2015, emissions in emerging economies (excluding China) have risen sharply, at over 18%, compared to 2.5% in the rest of the world. Cost Closing the purchase price gap between electric and conventional…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Sodium-ion battery momentum grows, but challenges remain
batteries commentary sodium batteries Recent technological advances and investment announcements suggest dynamics are shifting for sodium-ion batteries Sodium-ion batteries are emerging as a new player in battery markets, offering opportunities to diversify battery chemistries and supply chains at a time of rising global demand for electric vehicles and energy storage. Developed in laboratories since the early 1980s, sodium-ion batteries operate on the same fundamental principles as lithium‑ion batteries – which currently dominate the market – yet their path to commercialisation has been markedly slower.While lithium-ion batteries entered commercial use in the 1990s – with the first electric vehicles…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Small and Medium Enterprises
Small and Medium Enterprises
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Coal 2025 Supply
Coal production plateaus in 2025 as structural shifts emerge to 2030 In 2024, global coal production hit a record high of 9.1 billion tonnes, largely driven by increased output in China, India and Indonesia. China retained its position as the world’s leading coal producer, maintaining output at 4 666 Mt. Coal remains the primary energy source in both China and India, making domestic production a cornerstone of their energy security strategies. Following supply shortages in 2021, both countries have ramped up coal production for several years in a row.At 9 111 Mt, global coal production in 2025 is projected to remain at 2024…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Building
State of the transition Emissions Sectorial CO2 emissions trends have been fairly stable since 2018.Efficiency gains in buildings are improving energy use, but rising ownership of appliances and extreme weather increasingly offset these benefits.Emissions intensity of steel and cement is largely the same as 2020, while global construction activity has slowed in recent years. Cost Investment in building energy efficiency has risen over the past decade, but growth is now stalling, while spending on electrification grows steadily.High-efficiency building envelopes often entail higher upfront costs, constraining uptake in markets without dedicated financial support mechanisms.Strengthening the business…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Infographic: Overview recommended measures
Infographic: Overview recommended measures
