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World Energy Employment 2025 Executive summary
In 2024, global energy employment growth outpaced job gains in the wider economy for the third year in a row. Continued strong investment in energy infrastructure underpinned expanding energy employment, up by 2.2%, nearly double the economy-wide rate of 1.3%, bringing total energy sector jobs to 76 million. Since 2019, 5.4 million energy workers have been added – about 2.4% of all new jobs globally. In some countries, its contribution is far larger, reaching one in five new jobs in China and one in ten in the United States since 2022. The pace of the expansion in recent…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025
Coal’s role in the global energy system today remains significant. Over the past decade, the world’s demand for coal has stayed relatively stable, apart from a temporary drop during the Covid-19 pandemic and the rapid rebound that followed. Today, global coal consumption, power generation, production and trade are all at record levels.In many countries, coal continues to be the leading source of electricity generation, helping to meet growing energy needs. These trends carry major implications for energy security, affordability and sustainability, especially as coal remains the single largest contributor to energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. While…
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Coal 2025
Analysis and forecast to 2030 Coal is a cornerstone of electricity generation in many countries as well as the single largest source of carbon dioxide emissions globally, placing it at the centre of international dialogues on energy. At a time of uncertainty and change for energy systems around the world, a range of different trends could shape coal markets in the years ahead.On the one hand, recent policy changes supporting coal could drive consumption higher, as could surging electricity demand in economies across the world, since two-thirds of global coal use today is for power generation. On the…
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- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Accelerating sustainable transport
Amid a rapidly changing energy landscape and mounting environmental pressures, Armenia faces both an urgent challenge and an opportunity to reshape its transport system. As it seeks to balance the twin goals of enhanced energy security and reduced dependence on imported fossil fuels, Armenia has made the transition to sustainable transport a top priority.This chapter lays out a forward-looking framework designed to accelerate Armenia’s shift to an efficient, low-carbon and resilient transport system. Drawing on international best practices, the recommendations focus on three interconnected priorities: electrifying the road transport fleet, boosting overall transport system efficiency and…
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Gaining an Edge Energy demand and competitiveness
Energy is at the centre of competitiveness amid high costs, growing demand, and rising trade pressures Energy is a vital input into all productive sectors of the economy. In an environment of fierce global competition and shifting trade patterns, energy costs are a major determinant of long-term investment, jobs and business competitiveness. Finding ways to reduce energy costs while producing more or better products is good for both profitability and overall economic growth. While energy prices are volatile in many countries, recent high prices combined with instability and fragmentation in energy markets have widened energy price gaps between regions…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Supply chain risks and industrial competitiveness
Supply chain risks Supply chain security remains a challenge: Clean energy technology manufacturing is highly geographically concentrated, with China as the main supplier in most supply chain stages. China accounts for around 85% of solar and 80% of lithium-ion battery supply chain production capacity, and even higher shares for PV wafers (95%) and anode materials (97%). Cybersecurity considerations further enhance the importance of addressing security of supply. An “N-1” assessment, which models the impact of losing the largest exporter in each supply chain, shows that for the final downstream stages of most of the four technologies examined – solar…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Taking stock of the effect of war
…its agricultural output and 67% of steel were exported.Power generation capacity has plummeted since Russia’s invasion. Nearly 80% of the thermal generation and about two-thirds of the hydropower capacity have been affected, leading to a power deficit equal to about one-third of peak demand. This is despite industrial electricity demand having halved over the same period and residential demand falling by about 20%.Ukraine was a net gas importer prior to the invasion, and served as a transit country for gas from Russia to the European Union. In 2024, local demand was largely met with domestic production…
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The State of Energy Innovation 2025 Executive summary
Today’s energy technology landscape is highly dynamic. Innovations span a wide range of countries and technology areas, both emerging and established. These advances have implications for energy system planning and, ultimately, for the world economy. Whether incremental or disruptive, they are the products of government support, market expectations, finance, knowledge-sharing and accessible R&D and test facilities. It is testament to the efforts of energy innovators around the world that decision makers today can choose from a range of technology options to address strategic goals for all parts of the energy system. However, technological progress to tackle existing…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Manufacturing and trade
…car sales resulted in production increasing 30% from 2024 to reach nearly 3.2 million in 2025. The European Union remained the world’s second-largest electric car producer. Domestic carmakers continued to capture the majority of the regional output, while the remaining less than 20% was primarily produced by Chinese players (through Geely’s Volvo) and US carmakers (mostly from Tesla and Ford’s European plants). The region remained a net exporter of electric cars, with exports exceeding 1 million in 2025 – a 25% rise from the previous year. Other European countries, principally the United Kingdom, continued to be the main destinations for EU exports…
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World Energy Investment 2025 China
Record-breaking renewables investment in China continues, advancing in tandem with the expansion of grid and storage for renewables while keeping coal in the mix In the ten years since the signing of the Paris Agreement and five years since the announcement of the dual carbon goals, China has seen a precipitous rise in clean energy investment, particularly in renewables. In 2024 China’s clean energy investment was more than USD 625 billion, almost doubling since 2015. China also achieved its 2030 wind and solar capacity target in 2024, six years ahead of schedule. While renewable installations are set to continue, investment…
