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Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan’s government is continuously investing in oil and gas, to modernise and expand the electricity and heat sector by 2020. Moreover, the energy sector is almost fully subsidised, with citizens receiving free electricity, heat and gas up to a certain level of consumption, until 2030, but the government is taking steps to reduce subsidies to curb domestic demand and increase exports. Turkmenistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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What Next for the Global Car Industry The global car industry in context
…in 2024, exporting 20% of output, up from about 3% in 2019. The global market for cars amounts to around USD 2.9 trillion per year, making it one of the largest markets for a single product. The car industry accounts for around 6% of gross value added by manufacturing, or around 1% of global GDP in 2024. The European Union, Japan, Korea, China and the United States account for around 80% of the value added in global car manufacturing. The car industry adds value in other sectors, such as steel, for which it represents over 10% of demand in…
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Myanmar
In Myanmar, a steep increase in the share of gas-fired power generation reflects a push to take advantage of its abundant domestic resources. The country however has ample scope to rely on renewables in its electrification strategy.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is a significant producer of coal, crude oil and natural gas, and a major energy exporter. While coal dominates the country’s energy mix, renewable sources of energy are a small but growing share of Kazakhstan’s electricity generation. Gas pipeline network expansion remains a priority, in order to expand access and reduce reliance on coal and LPG for household consumption. Kazakhstan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Croatia
Croatia's National Energy Strategy 2009-2020 has three basic objectives: increase security of energy supply, develop competitive energy system and ensure sustainable energy sector development. These objectives are particularly important for the country, as it is heavily dependent on energy imports, resulting in its vulnerability to energy prices fluctuations.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Egypt
Egypt has initiated a number of energy sector reforms, gradually reducing electricity subsidies and introducing feed-in tariffs to promote renewable energy production. The energy sector reforms recently initiated by the country have resulted in a significant increase in investments which have boosted electricity production over the last 5 years and ensured a stable supply across the country.
Egypt also has plans to increase the share of renewables in the electricity mix to 42% by 2035.- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Air transport fuels
…by virtual meetings. A reduction of around 40% of flights taken for work purposes is feasible in the short term, while maintaining productivity.Impact: Very high voluntary participation to work-related flight reduction campaigns could yield reductions in jet kerosene demand by between 7% and 15%.How governments can enable this: Governments can launch campaigns to encourage companies to limit air travel for work whenever possible. Governments lead by example by limiting air travel for public officials and encouraging more meetings to take place virtually.Policy examples: In response to the 2026 crisis in the Middle East, several governments have…
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Prices: Trends in wholesale markets differ across regions
…Australia saw lower wholesale prices compared to the previous year in the face of varying demand and generation trends, among other factors. At the same time, a number of markets continued to observe an increase in the occurrence of negative electricity prices. A detailed discussion of negative electricity prices and their drivers can be found in our Electricity 2025 report. Higher gas prices put upwards pressure on European and US electricity prices In the European Union, wholesale electricity prices averaged around USD 90/MWh in the first half of 2025, about 30% higher compared to the same period in 2024…
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Korea 2025 Executive summary
…Climate, Energy and Environment (MCEE) in October 2025 is expected to strengthen the overall coherence of climate and energy policies. The MCEE assumed most energy functions from the former Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE). MCEE is today responsible for climate, electricity, grid, and energy transition policies. MOTIE, now renamed the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Resources (MOTIR), continues to oversee resource industries such as oil, gas, coal, minerals, and nuclear exports.Electrification of buildings, transportation and industry combined with a growing demand for air conditioning and data centres is resulting in a shift toward an electrified economy. Substantial…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Executive summary
…context Well-targeted international collaboration can amplify domestic efforts to reduce emissions and deploy low-emission technologies and solutions. Acting together, countries, companies and global initiatives are in the unique position to harmonise standards, aggregate demand, mobilise finance and move markets in ways that are nearly impossible to achieve in isolation. Geopolitical tensions and economic uncertainty are testing the resilience of international co-operation, but also underscore its importance to avoid fragmentation of global markets and delaying action on emissions reductions. This report therefore identifies many practical opportunities for countries to work together in ways that advance economic development objectives…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
