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Electricity 2026 Demand
…our report. Demand in advanced economies is rising after a long period of stagnation Electricity demand in advanced economies is on an upward trajectory again after a 15-year period of stagnation. Flat or declining demand in many advanced economies reflected efficiency improvements across end-use sectors and industrial restructuring. Advanced economies saw overall electricity demand relatively static in 2015-2020 and their share of global growth rising only to 10% in 2020-2025. The shift to growth became apparent in 2025, when advanced economies accounted for almost 20% of additional global demand, up from 17% in 2024. We expect…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Northwest European Hydrogen Monitor 2025 Executive summary
…hydrogen strategies, including the establishment of medium- and long-term targets, is considered essential to provide the necessary impetus and guidance for the development of hydrogen markets.To date, the majority of the countries in Northwest Europe have adopted production targets for electrolytic hydrogen, while Norway has opted for a technology-neutral approach. In April 2025, France published a revised National Hydrogen Strategy. While recognising progress made in the hydrogen sector, the Strategy lowered the installed electrolyser capacity target for 2030 to 4.5 GW (from 6.5 GW previously) and added a 2035 target of 8 GW. In July 2024, Germany adopted…
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Cost of Capital Observatory Dashboard
…importance of financing costs in the energy transition, defines what financing costs are (also commonly referred to as weighted average cost of capital, or WACC) and provides both a theoretical and practical explanation of how to calculate them. For this dashboard we estimated financing costs as the weighted average of the after-tax (or all-in) cost of debt and the minimum expected equity internal rate of return (IRR).In 2025, the third year that we have run the survey, we continued to expand our coverage in terms of geographies and technologies. We focused on collecting data from the five…
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Electricity 2026 Reliability
…technical error, or climate-driven events illustrate the importance of redundancy, resilience, and thorough oversight. The following list of outage incidents in 2025 underscores how ensuring the security, reliability and resilience of power systems is evolving from a technical challenge to a strategic necessity that requires unwavering attention from system operators, regulators, and policy leaders. Voltage management increasingly important for power system stability On 28 April 2025 at about 12:33 local time, the Iberian Peninsula suffered a widespread blackout, the largest European outage since the 2003 Italian Peninsula blackout. According to the initial report by ENTSO-E, and the…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Renewables 2022 Transport biofuels
Forecast summary Biofuel use expands in 2022 despite rising costs Global biofuel demand is expected to be 6% or 9 100 million litres per year (MLPY) higher in 2022 than in 2021. Renewable diesel makes up the largest share of this year-on-year expansion, thanks to attractive policies in the United States and Europe. Blending requirements and financial incentives support demand growth in India and Brazil, and Indonesia’s 30% biodiesel blending requirement also boosts biodiesel use in that country. Nevertheless, we have revised year-on-year growth downwards 25% from our 2021 forecast, with price and market developments…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Natural gas
…of the year. Demand increased by 1% in 2025, translating to an increase of around 40 bcm (or 1.4 EJ) in absolute terms. Incremental demand was largely concentrated in the United States and the European Union – where it was supported by colder winter weather – and in the Middle East, where gas use in the power sector grew rapidly offsetting oil use. By contrast, demand in the Asia Pacific region effectively flatlined, with growth at its lowest level since the 2022 energy crisis. The buildings sector emerged as the largest driver of global gas demand growth in 2025, due to…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Overview of outlook for key minerals
Demand for critical minerals continues to rise across all scenarios, driven by the rapid deployment of energy technologies Demand for key energy minerals is set to grow rapidly across all scenarios, with the largest source of growth coming from the energy sector. In the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), lithium grows fivefold from today to 2040, while graphite and nickel demand double. Demand for cobalt and rare earth elements also grows strongly, increasing 50-60% by 2040. Copper is the material with the largest established market, and its demand is projected to grow by 30% over the same period. Battery deployment…
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Policies
Existing pledges would cut fossil-fuel methane emissions by 40% by 2030, but only half are backed by detailed policies and regulations Methane pledges cover 80% of global fossil fuel production, with the largest initiative being the Global Methane Pledge (GMP). Countries that participate in the GMP commit to work together to collectively reduce global methane emissions from human activity (across all sources, not limited to energy) by at least 30% below 2020 levels by 2030. Cutting the world’s methane emissions by 30% over the next decade would have the same impact on global warming by mid-century as…
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Energy and Gender
It comprises a number of senior officials from IEA Member countries, facilitating the exchange of best practices on gender equality and inclusion and gender mainstreaming across the energy sector. Women are vital energy consumers, producers and decision-makers who make a crucial contribution to global energy security and energy transitions. Building a more secure, fair and equitable energy future hinges on their active participation.Recognising this, the IEA’s Member countries have asked the Agency to focus on key issues at the nexus of energy and gender, from improving gender data collection to expanding analysis of the gender dimensions of…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap A pathway for heat pumps
Heat pumps can strengthen Moldova’s energy security, independence, air pollution and emissions, and even improve energy affordability. Given the regional turmoil – notably in the energy sector – over the past three years and into early 2025, there is a compelling case for reducing natural gas consumption by deploying heat pumps. While Moldova is only beginning to realise its heat pump potential, this presents a significant opportunity to design the system effectively – by stimulating demand, expanding supply, financing the transition and establishing clear regulations. A comprehensive approach will help to ensure a steady and orderly deployment. The following table recommends specific…
