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Coal
Global coal demand to remain on a plateau in 2025 and 2026
Despite unusual trends across several major markets in the first half of 2025, global coal demand is likely to remain broadly unchanged to 2027 as underlying structural drivers of the world’s coal use remain stable.
Global coal demand increased to a new all-time high in 2024 of around 8.8 billion tonnes, up 1.5% from 2023, as rising consumption in China, India, Indonesia and other emerging economies more than offset declines in advanced economies in Europe, North America and northeast Asia. However, several of those…
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Coal 2025 Investments in coal projects and emissions abatement
…new advanced projects in Indonesia, has increased the project pipeline by 127 Mtpa. In 2025, seven projects became operational, adding a total capacity of 26 Mtpa. As a result, the net growth of the more-advanced pipeline amounts to 101 Mtpa.In terms of annual tonnage capacity, the projects are concentrated in Australia (58%), followed by Russia (13%) and Indonesia (8%). Due to the still limited transparency in some countries, these figures should be interpreted with caution.Some trends observed last year have continued. In Russia producers are advancing infrastructure development in the Far East to support specific coal projects. In Africa there is…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Cobalt
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.
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Bahrain
Bahrain's energy supply comes largely from the exploitation of its domestic fossil fuels resources. The country is also a major producer and exporter of oil, petroleum products and natural gas.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Integrating Variable Renewable Energy in Kenya
Key challenges and strategic priorities Building on its renewable energy success, Kenya is now focused on managing a secure and reliable electricity system. With nearly 90% of the generation mix derived from renewable sources and electricity access rising from 37% in 2013 to 79% in 2025, the country has established itself as a regional leader in energy development.Integrating Variable Renewable Energy in Kenya explores how Kenya can strengthen its power system amid rising shares of variable renewable energy (VRE). The report identifies Kenya’s system to be operating in Phase 3 of the IEA’s VRE integration framework, where…
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South Africa
Coal is the mainstay of the South African energy system, meeting around 70% of installed power generation capacity. The 2019 Integrated Resource Plan however sets out a long-term diversification of the power mix by 2030 and moves towards lightening the carbon footprint of the energy sector while meeting growing energy demand and ensuring a socio-economically just transition. While the options to diversify the country's electricity mix appear diverse, the affordability of electricity supply looms as a key concern and a potential constraint on diversification. The structure of consumption and of spending on electricity is skewed towards higher…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Gaining an Edge Unlocking the potential of energy efficiency
Efficiency opportunities at the firm level At the firm level, energy efficiency offers untapped opportunities to reduce costs in both light and heavy industries In a competitive environment, firms are seeking to reduce costs, support sustainable growth and meet dynamic market demands. Energy is an important component of production costs in many industrial sectors, although its share varies by industry. These differences are influenced by the type and complexity of production. Heavy industries, such as steel, cement and chemicals, tend to be more energy intensive due to the large-scale processes and high thermal demands. Light industries, such as electronics…
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Electricity 2026 Prices
Affordability and competitiveness take centre stage Average wholesale electricity prices in 2025 rose year-on-year in multiple regions and countries, including Europe and the United States, while others such as India and Australia saw lower prices compared to 2024. Looking at electricity prices for energy-intensive industries, significant variations across regions remain. EU electricity prices for energy‑intensive industries stayed elevated in 2025, again averaging over twice US levels and nearly 50% above those in China, similar to 2024, adding competitive pressure.At the same time, negative wholesale electricity prices became more common across many markets. Exceptions include the Nordic region…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Industry
Introduction Industry accounts for 37% of final energy consumption globally. Doubling global energy intensity improvement by 2030 would require the decoupling of production from energy demand and raising the share of electricity in energy use from 23% in 2022 to 30% in 2030. An integrated policy approach combining regulation, information and incentives is the most effective way to achieve this goal.Regulations such as minimum energy performance standards for motors increase the efficiency of industrial processes by requiring new motors to use less energy per unit of output. This also drives the innovation of more efficient technologies. The alignment of international…
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Myanmar
In Myanmar, a steep increase in the share of gas-fired power generation reflects a push to take advantage of its abundant domestic resources. The country however has ample scope to rely on renewables in its electrification strategy.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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