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Global Energy and Climate Model Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
The 2025 edition of the World Energy Outlook (WEO) does not include the Announced Pledges Scenario. Our assessment of the new round of NDCs due this year, generally the period to 2035, will follow once there is a more complete picture of these pledges.The Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), introduced in 2021, illustrates the extent to which announced ambitions and targets can deliver the emissions reductions needed to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. In the WEO-2024, the APS includes all recent major national announcements as of the end of August 2024, both 2030 targets and longer-term net zero…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Achieving access for all
A roadmap for universal energy access Today around 2 billion people lack access to clean cooking and some 730 million remain without electricity – deficits which have far-reaching implications for health, economic opportunity and global development. Since 2010, 1.5 billion people have gained access to clean cooking and 1 billion to electricity, demonstrating that rapid progress is possible. Our new Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS) outlines a country-by-country pathway to universal access that draws on lessons about what has worked best in recent years. Universal clean cooking access is achieved in the ACCESS around 2040. Over 60…
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The State of Energy Innovation 2026 Executive summary
…geothermal development – a long-term project with high risks that is now starting to translate into major investments – governments funded nearly all the initial work from the 1970s to the 2010s.Cost-benefit evaluations typically show that the economic benefits of public energy R&D are far greater – even a hundredfold larger – than their costs. The most complete retrospective evaluations of this kind followed several multi-decade US programmes up to 2015. These programmes generated benefits to the US economy at least three times greater than their costs, including fuel expenditure savings, lower prices for energy equipment and higher s...
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Global Energy Review 2025 Global trends
…average. Electricity demand grew more rapidly than both overall energy demand and GDP, increasing by 4.3% in 2024. The absolute increase in demand was the largest ever recorded (excluding the jumps in years when the global economy recovered from recession). This reflects structural trends such as growing access to electricity-intensive appliances like air conditioning and a shift towards electricity-intensive manufacturing, as well as increasing power demand from digitalisation, data centres and AI, and the increasing electrification of end-uses. In all, the power sector made up three-fifths of the total increase in global energy demand. Renewables…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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Renewables in District Energy Executive summary
…diverse energy sources - including renewables - optimise demand management at scale, and support coordinated infrastructure planning in urban and industrial settings.District heating serves more than 600 million people worldwide and global networks extend over more than one million kilometres. The amount of heat delivered through district heating has increased by about 35% since 2010. These systems are embedded in national energy systems across Europe, China, Russia and parts of Central Asia. District cooling is less developed than district heating but is expanding beyond the Middle East into multiple regions. With rising cooling demand and urban density, it can improve efficiency…
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Portugal 2026 Policy recommendations for Portugal
Energy policy landscape 1. Adopt a national roadmap based on bottom-up sectoral agreements to support timely and cost effective emissions reductionsPortugal has established a clear long-term direction for its energy transition through the Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality 2050, the Basic Climate Law, and the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2030. The NECP commits to reducing GHG emissions by 55% by 2030 (vs. 2005 levels) and achieving climate neutrality by 2045. Strong progress has been made, with emissions down 43% in 2024, driven mainly by decarbonisation of electricity supply. Portugal is now entering a mid-transition, in which further…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Steel
…to reach the sectoral breakthrough goal?Definitions and standards that establish emissions intensity thresholds for near-zero and low-emissions steel production can underpin enabling mechanisms and policies. These can feed into product-level thresholds, which can support further emissions reductions as well as material efficiency measures.Interoperability and/or comparability of different definitions, standards and certifications for near-zero and low-emissions steel – either through a method for determining equivalency established for use by governments and buyers, or mutual recognition among standards owners – provides greater transparency and clarity to actors across international markets, which can unblock action.Emissions measurement…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Executive summary
…market value for clean energy technologies has grown 20% on average per year over the past decade, to reach nearly USD 1.2 trillion in 2025. In the Current Policies Scenario (CPS), their global market value grows most slowly, but it still doubles to around USD 2 trillion in 2035, about the size of the global crude oil market in 2025. At almost USD 3 trillion by 2035, their market value is higher in the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), with greater deployment offsetting the additional decline in costs. Electric cars are by far the largest clean energy technology market in…
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Global Energy Review 2025 CO2 Emissions
…in 2024. CO2 emissions grew in emerging market and developing economies and international aviation and marine bunkers, outweighing reductions from advanced economies led by the European Union, Japan and the United States.In emerging market and developing economies, energy-related CO2 emissions increased by 1.5% (375 Mt CO2) in 2024, driven by rising energy demand associated with rapid economic and population growth. Emissions from coal rose by 2%, while natural gas emissions increased by 3.7% and oil emissions rose by 0.3%, reflecting the continued reliance on fossil fuels to meet expanding industrial activity and improve energy access…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Policy
…quota for public procurement, and a quota for low-emissions steel used in cars and vans to contribute to CO2 emissions reduction targets as part of the Automotive Package. By early June 2026, transposition of the EU Renewable Energy Directive into national legislation had been finalised in 13 member states for the transport sector, creating demand for more than 575 ktpa of low-emissions hydrogen.China announced a city clusters programme with a total funding of USD 1.1 billion, aiming to diversify hydrogen uses beyond cars and introducing targets for an end-use hydrogen price of USD 3.6/kg, striving for USD 2…
