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Energy System Resilience
…risk.The International Energy Agency (IEA) has worked closely with Ukraine, an Association country, on energy system resilience, publishing a 10-point plan ahead of the 2024-2025 winter, along with a 2025-2026 update and a roadmap for decentralising Ukraine's power system. This has provided Ukraine with critical assistance, while also offering invaluable real-world lessons that can inform resilience planning for IEA Member countries and beyond. Industry from Europe and other regions is already collaborating with the Ukrainian private sector and learning from practices forged under extreme conditions as they provide support. This report distils key lessons…
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China
China’s growing energy needs are increasingly met by renewables, natural gas and electricity. The scale of China’s future electricity demand and the challenge of decarbonising the power supply help explain why global investment in electricity overtook that of oil and gas for the first time in 2016, and why electricity security is moving firmly up the policy agenda. That said, cost reductions for renewables are not sufficient on their own to secure efficient decarbonisation or reliable supply.
Between 2019 and 2024, China will account for 40% of global renewable capacity expansion, driven by improved system integration, lower curtailment…- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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Belgium
Belgium’s energy policy is focused on transitioning to a low-carbon economy while ensuring energy security, lowering costs for consumers and increasing market competition. Belgium has made progress on these goals, notably as a global leader in offshore wind. The country is also seeing a rapid uptake of electric vehicles. However, Belgium remains reliant on fossil fuels and more aggressive policies are needed accelerate emissions reductions, especially for the industry sector.
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- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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Ukraine’s Energy Security
…importance. While Ukraine made strong strides in rebuilding and strengthening the resilience of its energy system this past spring and summer, the situation remains fragile, and the risk of huge disruptions and widespread destabilisation remains – particularly as Russia expands the scope and sophistication of its attacks.This analysis builds on the IEA’s September 2024 report, Ukraine’s Energy Security and the Coming Winter. It provides an update on the latest developments through October 2025 and proposes key actions that Ukraine and its partners can take to address urgent energy security vulnerabilities this winter and bolster longer-term energy resilience…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Demand
…domestic use for the first time.Volumes for low-emissions hydrogen included in procurement tenders grew marginally in 2025, to reach more than 1 Mtpa. More than 0.3 Mtpa have been contracted as of Q1 2026, with progress occurring mostly in refining and fertilisers thanks to supportive policies and regulations in Europe and India.Refining and industry remain the main sectors in which low-emissions hydrogen adoption is taking place. Based on projects that have at least reached a final investment decision (FID), 2.5 Mt is expected to be produced and consumed in refineries and industrial facilities by 2030.Fuel cell…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Energy technology manufacturing and trade
…collapse under intense price competition, notably in China, with the top ten firms posting USD 4.5 billion in losses in 2024. Western wind producers, which incurred losses in 2022-23, are beginning to recover, while profits at Chinese wind firms are being squeezed by falling prices. Chinese battery makers remain profitable on average thanks to a small number of high performers, but those outside China are struggling to maintain positive margins. Outlook Due to a large overhang of manufacturing capacity for several clean energy technologies – notably solar PV and batteries – the investment in manufacturing capacity needed to keep pace with global...
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Five key questions about hydrogen
…particularly in steel, shipping, and aviation applications.While challenges remain – including high production costs, demand and regulatory uncertainty, and infrastructure gaps – the positive developments significantly outweigh the setbacks. This is an encouraging sign for a sector that can play an important role in meeting government commitments to address climate change and strengthen energy security, at a moment when geopolitical tensions are rising. How can low-emissions hydrogen demand take off? While investment in low-emissions hydrogen production is gaining momentum, uncertain demand continues to pose a critical challenge to the industry's viability. Cumulative firm offtake agreements account for less…
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Croatia
Croatia's National Energy Strategy 2009-2020 has three basic objectives: increase security of energy supply, develop competitive energy system and ensure sustainable energy sector development. These objectives are particularly important for the country, as it is heavily dependent on energy imports, resulting in its vulnerability to energy prices fluctuations.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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Natural Gas
…markets, which have been tight and volatile for several years, are set to undergo major changes by the end of this decade. The unfolding coming wave of liquefied natural gas (LNG) production capacity is set to rebalance the global gas market, enhance energy supply security and improve the affordability of natural gas.
About 300 billion cubic metres (bcm) per year of LNG export capacity – a record – is set to be added by 2030, primarily supported by liquefaction capacity additions in the United States and Qatar. This expansion could translate to a net LNG supply increase of 250 bcm a year…
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Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, electricity is available for 85% of the population, up from 20% in 2000. Gas accounts for the majority of the country’s electricity production, even though wind, hydropower and solar PV shares are growing. Bangladesh has also implemented energy policy incentives towards the deployment of renewables.
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- Energy mix
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