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Northwest European Hydrogen Monitor 2025 Executive summary
…highlighting the importance of developing its hydrogen market so that it is closely integrated with neighbouring markets.Altogether, Northwest European countries have ambition to develop as much as 30 to 35 GW of electrolyser capacity by 2030. However, recent market developments, inflation and cost increases could drive countries to further adjust their targets and/or delay the implementation of low-emissions hydrogen projects. Greater policy attention is required on demand creation Hydrogen demand in Northwest European currently stands at around 3 million tonnes (Mt) per year, making up 3% of total global demand. Unabated natural gas is the primary source of hydrogen supply…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Demand
…fast-growing market for fuel cell electric vehicles, despite their higher total costs of ownership when compared to battery electric or diesel trucks. China remains the leader, with almost 95% of the world’s fuel cell commercial vehicles stock.In shipping, the fleet of ships able to use hydrogen-based fuels is growing and offtake agreement activity has increased, but concerns about supply availability are slightly slowing down momentum. The recent approval of the IMO Net-Zero Framework could provide a boost, but its impact is uncertain, as it may favour first-generation biofuels or even liquefied natural gas (LNG…
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Gaining an Edge Policy implications
…the economy Government intervention can help enhance industrial energy efficiency through effective policy packages. To create effective drivers and preconditions for increasing energy efficiency in the industry sector, policy packages combine three main mechanisms, regulation, information and incentives:Regulation is essential to exclude the worst performing equipment and practices from the market, driving greater energy efficiency at both firm and national level. Information improves firms’ awareness and knowledge of their energy efficiency options, highlighting benefits and enabling more efficient choices in energy-related purchases and use. Increased capacity building and training can create the skilled workforce required to deliver energy…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Deployment of clean energy technologies, materials and fuels
…Their aggregate market value has grown 20% on average per year since 2015 to reach nearly USD 1.2 trillion. Some 80% of global solar PV and wind generation now occurs at lower levelised costs than for coal or gas. Battery prices have dropped 75% since 2015, pushing electric car sales to around 25% share in 2025. Deployment increases in all IEA scenarios: in the Current Policies Scenario (CPS), their global market value nearly doubles to around USD 2 trillion in 2035, greater than the oil market in 2025. In the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), their market value approaches USD…
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Financing Clean Energy in Africa Clean energy investment landscape: setting the scene
…major barrier to scaling up investment. Cost of capital largely reflects two sets of risks: those associated with the country, and those associated with the sector or technology. Addressing these requires different country-specific solutions, with country risks generally requiring longer-term structural reforms, and more specific risks addressed with energy policy reforms.At the country risk level, the macroeconomic context has significantly worsened in many African countries, with average external debt on the continent increasing both in absolute terms and as a share of GDP, from 16% in 2011 to 31% in 2021. When combined with currency depreciations and…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Implications and policy considerations
…and medium-sized enterprises that play an important role expanding clean cooking where commercial players will not. At current prices, the cost of gaining clean cooking access would exceed 10% of household monthly income for nearly 600 million people in sub-Saharan Africa. Affordability varies significantly by fuel type, but financial incentives and business models that allow consumers to make purchases in small increments play an important role across all market segments. Some measures include value added tax (VAT) and import tariff exemptions for clean cooking stoves, fuels and equipment, pricing regulations, targeted affordability support for the lowest-income households…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025
…affordability and sustainability, especially as coal remains the single largest contributor to energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. While the large majority of the world’s coal use is concentrated in Asia, particularly China, consumption in Europe and North America remains considerable. Coal’s influence therefore remains global in both energy and climate discussions.The International Energy Agency’s 2025 Coal Mid-Year Update reviews the latest trends in coal demand, production, trade and prices. It includes preliminary data for the first half of 2025 and provides updated forecasts for 2025 and 2026, grounded in recent market developments and economic conditions.
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Outlook for clean cooking in Africa
…stoves. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) accounts for 61% of new clean cooking access by 2040, followed by electricity at 17%, modern biomass, bioethanol, and biogas together making up the remainder. Natural gas only plays a role in a few dense urban areas in gas-producing countries. The consumption of modern cooking fuels grows sixfold by 2040 in the ACCESS. This implies a fivefold increase in LPG and electricity consumption for cooking over today’s levels, and ten-fold for modern bioenergy, albeit from a low starting point. These increases are meaningful for African and international markets in the long-term…
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Armenia
Imports of oil and gas cover 77% of Armenia’s energy needs. Current energy policy is focused on developing indigenous energy sources, mainly renewable, and on replacing the country’s main nuclear reactor. Energy Efficiency policy has also become a bigger priority as energy security and reliability remain key focus areas. Armenia is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Understanding methane emissions
…methane emissions to be around 610 Mt, with human activity responsible for almost two‑thirds of the total and natural sources accounting for the rest. IEA analysis suggests that the energy sector was responsible for around 145 Mt of methane emissions in 2024 – more than 35% of the total amount attributable to human activity. Oil operations were responsible for around 45 Mt, natural gas operations for nearly 35 Mt, and abandoned wells for around 3 Mt. An additional 2 Mt of methane leaked from end-use equipment. Coal accounted for more than 40 Mt, including over 4 Mt from abandoned mines…
