-
Global Energy Review 2025 CO2 Emissions
…total volumetric increase in oil use. Carbon emissions trends varied widely across regions Emissions trends between regions diverged in 2024. CO2 emissions grew in emerging market and developing economies and international aviation and marine bunkers, outweighing reductions from advanced economies led by the European Union, Japan and the United States.In emerging market and developing economies, energy-related CO2 emissions increased by 1.5% (375 Mt CO2) in 2024, driven by rising energy demand associated with rapid economic and population growth. Emissions from coal rose by 2%, while natural gas emissions increased by 3.7% and oil emissions rose by…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
-
+ 3 pages
-
Sheltering From Oil Shocks Targeted consumer support to enhance energy affordability
…households by reducing their energy costs or giving them money to help pay for energy. Unlike universal subsidies which benefit everyone, targeted programmes focus only on vulnerable or eligible groups making assistance more efficient and reducing government spending.In response to the crisis in the Middle East, the United Kingdom has announced an allocation of GBP 53 million to support vulnerable heating oil customers and is committed to ensuring help reaches those who need it most. In 2022, learning from the Covid-19 crisis where universal payments led to increased energy consumption, Japan made targeted cash payments to 16 milli...
-
The State of Energy Innovation 2025 Executive summary
…they are the products of government support, market expectations, finance, knowledge-sharing and accessible R&D and test facilities. It is testament to the efforts of energy innovators around the world that decision makers today can choose from a range of technology options to address strategic goals for all parts of the energy system. However, technological progress to tackle existing challenges and unlock new industrial opportunities relies on well-functioning innovation ecosystems and cannot be taken for granted.This report provides a unique global review of progress and challenges in energy technology innovation. It follows the IEA’s first Energy…
-
Global Energy Review 2026 CO2 emissions
…market and developing economies excluding China, emissions increased by 1.1%, significantly below the 2.2% average annual growth observed over the past five years, with India a major contributor to this slowdown. Emissions in India dipped in 2025, driven primarily by weather effects linked to an earlier and stronger monsoon cycle, alongside continued robust expansion of renewable energy capacity. Outside of China, annual emissions trends were largely driven by weather effects. In advanced economies, colder winter conditions boosted heating demand, increasing natural gas consumption in buildings and the power sector. By contrast, reduced cooling needs in many emerging markets…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
-
+ 9 pages
-
World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for gaseous fuels
…energy shortages in several parts of the developing world that rely on imported gas, notably Pakistan and Bangladesh. Major growth markets for gas such as India and China have meanwhile sharply reduced their LNG imports in 2022. Key findings The traditional arguments in favour of natural gas have focused on its role as a reliable partner for the clean energy transition and its ability to step in to fill the gap left by declining coal and oil. These are currently being tested by the global repercussions of Russia’s actions in Europe. In the midst of a global energy crisis…
-
World Energy Outlook 2025 Regional insights
…renewables in electricity generation. Energy trends in advanced economies are shaped by the structure of their economies, and by high average incomes and rates of vehicle and appliance ownership. Overall energy demand typically has peaked, although electricity use continues to increase, with electric vehicles and data centres adding to demand. Energy demand per capita is generally lower in emerging market and developing economies. Many of these countries are still developing their industries, some suffer from a lack of universal access to energy, and most have lower average incomes and levels of ownership of energy consuming equipment than advanced economies. However…
-
World Energy Investment 2025 Source, flows and destination of global energy-related investment spending
Most energy investment is supported by commercial finance and made by private sponsors, but the sources of finance vary widely by technology and region. Today, 75% of the available finance for investment in the energy sector is commercial finance, but domestic and international public finance play important roles that vary widely across regions and sectors.
-
Coal 2025 Trade
International coal trade is set to decline in 2025 International coal trade grew by 3% in 2024, reaching a new record of 1 544 Mt. This growth was driven by increases in both thermal coal (up 26 Mt to 1 176 Mt) and met coal (up 21 Mt to 368 Mt). Coal trade accounted for approximately 18% of global coal demand, with thermal coal making up more than three-quarters of total traded volumes. Seaborne trade continued to dominate, representing over 90% of global coal trade in 2024.The Asia Pacific region further strengthened its dominance, accounting for 85% of global coal imports in 2024. China led…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
-
+ 2 pages
-
China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Trends in China’s Outbound Energy Finance
…overseas energy engagement. Policy banks have placed a greater emphasis on project selectivity, risk management and alignment with host-country plans, especially after the COVID pandemic. At the same time, China’s broader official sector has expanded its international role in line with industrial competitiveness, global supply-chain integration and the overseas growth of Chinese developers and equipment suppliers. As a result, outbound finance increasingly flows through a more diverse mix of institutions and instruments, particularly in markets where host-country demand for energy infrastructure remains strong.Even with the decline, China remains one of the largest single-country prov...
-
Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Trade
…Asia. Australia, the world’s largest exporter of metallurgical coal, maintained stable export volumes at 153 Mt. Mongolia, the second-largest exporter, recorded a 5% increase, reaching 56 Mt, with all volumes directed to the Chinese market. The United States and Russia increased exports by 11% each to 52 Mt and to 49 Mt respectively. In contrast, Canada experienced a decline in export volumes during the year. Global coal trade set to reverse course in 2025 Looking ahead to 2025, we expect global coal trade to decline, reversing the upward trend observed in 2024. This shift will be led by China…
