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Cost of Capital Observatory
Tracking the cost of capital for clean energy projects in emerging and developing economies The Cost of Capital Observatory is an initiative from the IEA, the World Economic Forum, ETH Zurich and Imperial College London. The aim of the Observatory is to increase transparency in the energy sector and inspire investor confidence, especially in emerging and developing countries where data on financing costs is scarcer.The Observatory is divided into three sections:A Dashboard that provides free data on the cost of capital for energy projects in emerging and developing economies, updated with 2023 and 2024 data in July and…
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Heat Pumps
…and consumer sentiment.
At the same time, natural gas prices have mostly declined from their peaks in 2022, highlighting the need to tilt energy tariffs and taxes in favour of cleaner consumer choices.
Heat pumps offer a proven solution for decarbonising low- and medium-temperature heating
Heating accounts for almost 20% of energy use in industry and buildings globally, and about one-quarter of energy-sector emissions. China is responsible for nearly 33% of global heat consumption and it is currently the world's largest market for heat pumps for buildings. Electrification through heat pumps can provide a key lever…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap A pathway for heat pumps
Heat pumps can strengthen Moldova’s energy security, independence, air pollution and emissions, and even improve energy affordability. Given the regional turmoil – notably in the energy sector – over the past three years and into early 2025, there is a compelling case for reducing natural gas consumption by deploying heat pumps. While Moldova is only beginning to realise its heat pump potential, this presents a significant opportunity to design the system effectively – by stimulating demand, expanding supply, financing the transition and establishing clear regulations. A comprehensive approach will help to ensure a steady and orderly deployment. The following table recommends specific…
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Businesses see competitive value of energy efficiency, but smaller firms struggle to access solutions
CEOs value energy efficiency, but SMEs struggle to benefit Energy efficiency is a strategic asset for industrial competitiveness. For companies facing tight margins, volatile energy prices and intensifying global competition, reducing energy waste is not only a cost-saving measure, but also a way to protect productivity, manage risk and strengthen their position in global markets. Yet not all firms have the same capacity to quickly improve their energy efficiency.New analysis of the 2025 IEA Industrial Competitiveness Survey – which covered 1 000 companies across 14 countries – shows that business leaders view energy efficiency as closely linked to their competitive performance…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Policy mechanisms for diversified mineral supplies
…mechanisms can support investment by providing greater demand certainty for new projects. Standards-based market access policies (or qualification approaches) are another option, enabling only minerals that meet certain sustainability or production criteria to qualify for accessing specific market segments, such as strategic reserves or public procurement channels Policy mechanisms should balance supply security objectives with competitive signals that incentivise efficiency A sensitivity analysis on the potential costs and benefits of implementing a cap-and-floor model in the nickel market highlights the challenges involved in introducing market-based mechanisms. The analysis represents a range of cap and floor prices…
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Myanmar
In Myanmar, a steep increase in the share of gas-fired power generation reflects a push to take advantage of its abundant domestic resources. The country however has ample scope to rely on renewables in its electrification strategy.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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El Salvador
The National Energy Policy to 2024 of El Salvador guides the national actions on energy, following main principles: ensure high quality level and continuous and affordable energy access, decrease fossil fuel dependency and mitigate environmental and social impacts of energy projects.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Sustainable Transport for Georgia: A Roadmap Sustainable transport roadmap
…Georgia must tackle governance, regulation and investment challenges and seize industrial opportunities Georgia faces three key challenges:Governance: Steering Georgia’s transport transition requires unprecedented coordination among ministries and agencies, with institutions empowered to drive legal and administrative reforms. This would send clear signals to businesses, research institutions and civil society – signals that will be needed to invest in and adopt clean technologies and meet EU accession requirements. But progress is hampered by limited capacity within authorities and insufficient technical expertise.Regulatory reform: Accelerating the shift to cleaner, more efficient systems requires reforming laws, regulations and fiscal policies that currently…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Southeast Asia’s energy challenges and emerging opportunities
The Middle East crisis has exposed Southeast Asia’s vulnerability to fossil fuel supply shocks and the limits of short-term emergency responses. Before the crisis, around 60% of the region’s crude oil imports and a third of its gas imports came from the Middle East, while 45% of its oil product supply was linked to Middle Eastern crude once refinery feedstocks and indirect product trade are included. Governments have responded with demand-reduction measures, tax relief, subsidies, price caps and targeted support to cushion households and firms from higher fuel and electricity costs. However, these measures add to…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026
The Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 is the seventh edition of this World Energy Outlook Special Report, making Southeast Asia by far the most regularly updated regional outlook compiled by the International Energy Agency (IEA). This reflects the dynamism of the region, as well as the importance of the IEA’s partnership with the eleven countries that make up the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) – Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste (joined ASEAN in 2025) and Viet Nam.As energy security concerns move ever higher on…
