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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Accelerating sustainable transport
…innovation-driven growth. Governance and improved data quality Armenia faces several institutional hurdles that complicate efforts to advance sustainable transport governance. While the 2019 merger of the former Ministry of Energy Infrastructures with the Ministry of Transport into the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Infrastructure (MTAI) has helped improve co-ordination on transport-related issues, high staff turnover threatens institutional memory and disrupts continuity. A lack of strong monitoring systems also makes it difficult to track policy implementation and measure progress.Co-ordination with the newly established Climate Policy Department within the Ministry of Environment remains limited – particularly on issues…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Regulating the sector
…the world. In Moldova, households are by far the country’s biggest users of energy. Upgrades to building performance through energy codes are critical for lowering energy demand per square metre, as well as improving quality of life, reducing air pollution and making energy more affordable.Energy codes dictate performance requirements for both new and existing buildings. In new buildings, they can be used to ensure that efficient building practices are used, and renewable energy is considered from the beginning. Typically, these standards are simpler to implement because they target industry, rather than the residential sector. In existing buildings, energy…
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Anatomy of a natural gas crisis
…the Netherlands), led to growing dependency on gas imports across the European Union. The Russian share of the European Union’s gas supply grew from close to 30% in 2010 to over 45% by 2019 – a significant concentration in gas supply for the bloc.This increased supply concentration and reliance on Russian gas occurred against a particular geopolitical backdrop: Previous breaches in energy security, including the temporary interruptions of Russian pipeline gas supply to Ukraine in both 2006 and 2009, had downstream implications for EU energy security, prompting EU legislation on supply security and gas market liberalisation. The unravelling of…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Fertilisers
…GHG emissions occur during fertiliser use; the rest occur during production. In total, fertilisers emit around 1.23 Gt CO2 equivalent per year globally.The emissions intensity of ammonia has fallen by 1.1% annually over the last 10 years, driven primarily by improvements in energy efficiency. Cost Excluding policies such as CO2 pricing, ammonia production today is estimated to cost on average 30% more using carbon capture and storage (CCS) and three times more using electrolysis when compared to conventional routes. Scale and narrowing price differentials with fossil fuels can help to reduce this gap.Globally, low-emissions ammonia production projects…
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- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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Policy options to accelerate distributed solar PV in Ukraine Policy options and implications
…The higher the tariff compared to the PV system’s levelised cost of energy (LCOE), the more attractive the scheme becomes, irrespective of the retail tariff.Net metering: solar PV owners can use the electricity they generate, reducing their consumption from the network. In a net-metering scheme, a solar PV owner receives an 2Anchoraddexpandmore-dots TitleEN Show background color checkUse "Show background color" only in case the following block shows background colorenergy credit for any excess generation exported to the network during a specific time period. This energy credit can be deducted from network electricity consumed on future bills…
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Policies
Existing pledges would cut fossil-fuel methane emissions by 40% by 2030, but only half are backed by detailed policies and regulations Methane pledges cover 80% of global fossil fuel production, with the largest initiative being the Global Methane Pledge (GMP). Countries that participate in the GMP commit to work together to collectively reduce global methane emissions from human activity (across all sources, not limited to energy) by at least 30% below 2020 levels by 2030. Cutting the world’s methane emissions by 30% over the next decade would have the same impact on global warming by mid-century as…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 3. Saudi Arabia’s first green full-process heavy plate mill project
Project overview and impact Saudi Arabia is pursuing an ambitious industrial transformation under Vision 2030, including efforts to localise heavy industries, expand low-carbon manufacturing and diversify export capacity. Steel demand is expected to grow steadily due to investment in hydrogen, ammonia, shipbuilding, offshore engineering and large-scale infrastructure. However, the country currently imports nearly all of its heavy plate steel, and domestic production has lagged the needs of an economy shifting towards more capital-intensive sectors and cleaner industrial processes.A new heavy-plate complex developed jointly by China Baowu Steel Group, Saudi Aramco and the Public Investment Fund…
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Recent insights from methane emissions studies
Advances in measurement and data processing Methane detection has improved markedly in recent years by making better use of existing satellite arrays and launching new devices, improving airborne instrumentation and calibration, and deploying tower, stationary and handheld detectors more widely. Overall, detection limits have been optimised, coverage has broadened and observation times have increased. Meanwhile, advances in data processing have enhanced both the speed and the quality of analysis.These advances yield better coverage and sharper insights into the sources and scale of methane emissions. They also confirm that effective methane management requires multi-scale measurement frameworks that combine space…
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Key issues affecting biogas and biomethane projects
…is currently the main biogas feedstock, but this is set to change as new policies have been introduced that support biogas produced from manure on dairy farms. Sustainability, life-cycle emissions and methane Over the course of their life cycle, biogases both avoid and create emissions. The use of manure and landfilled food waste in particular captures materials that would otherwise release methane when decomposing in the absence of oxygen. However, estimates put the methane leakage rate of agricultural biogas plants between 2% and 5.5%, and wastewater treatment plants at nearly 8%. To put these figures in context…
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Assessing the sustainable potential and cost of feedstocks for biogas and biomethane
…types of feedstocks for biogases. They can be broadly grouped together as crop residues, animal manure, biowaste and woody biomass. We assess feedstocks that can be processed without direct competition with food for agricultural land or animal feed, and that do not have any other adverse sustainability impacts. Biogas and methane yields are key indicators of how suitable a feedstock is for energy production. Biogas yield refers to the total volume of gas produced from a feedstock through anaerobic digestion, primarily methane (CH₄) and CO₂. Methane yield, by contrast, accounts only for the methane portion, which is the component usable…