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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Regional snapshots
Policymakers have woken up to these energy security challenges with a wave of new policy initiatives Governments around the world are intensifying efforts to secure critical mineral supplies through public funding, strategic partnerships and domestic policy reforms. In Europe, regulatory support and investments have ramped up to support critical mineral supply, supported by national investment funds and cross-border partnerships. North America is leveraging financial incentives to stimulate private-sector investment. Latin America, rich in critical minerals, is projected to reach USD 154 billion in mining and refining value amid regulatory reforms to attract foreign capital. China, already dominant, is…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Coal
…China – by far the world’s biggest coal consumer – electricity generation from coal fell for the first time since 2015. In India, coal-fired electricity generation also declined, mostly due to the impact of an early and strong monsoon. And in the European Union, the long-term decrease in coal use slowed, mostly due to low hydropower and wind output. Together, these trends balanced each other out, resulting in only modest global demand growth over the year. Coal power generation accounts for two-thirds of coal consumption globally, and therefore is the main driver of coal demand trends. In 2025…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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Financing Electricity Access in Africa Executive summary
…governments and the international community. Progress in reducing the absolute number of people without access has stalled in recent years, with the rate of improvement failing to fully recover to pre-pandemic levels. Fewer than 19 million people gained access in both 2023 and 2024, compared with 23 million in 2019.Even when connections are available, high costs often place electricity out of reach for low-income households. A cost-effective mix of grid expansion and decentralised solutions, such as mini-grids and stand-alone systems, offers a viable pathway to expand electricity accessibility. However, investment and financing remain significant…
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Pledges to Progress 2025 Pledges to Progress Company Assessment
…an assessment of environmental performance. It tracks 25 specific aspects of target-setting, implementation strategies and disclosure, based on a framework put together by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the United Nations Environment Programme’s International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO), and the Environmental Defense Fund. Companies may not need to undertake every strategy in the framework in order to meet their targets.Working cooperatively with the companies and the OGDC Secretariat, the goal is to provide transparency on the actions taken to achieve Oil and Gas Decarbonisation Charter and where the pathway to improved performance lies. It covers a broad…
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Executive summary
…still not been observed as of the first half of 2025. The first half of 2025 showed contrasting trends across regions in thermal generation In the first half of 2025, while coal-fired generation declined year-on-year in China and India, it increased in the United States and the European Union. The declines in China and India were due to more moderate demand growth compared with the same period in 2024 and strong expansion in output from renewables. By contrast, in the United States, both renewable generation and coal-fired output rose strongly, with the latter boosted by gas-...
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Coal 2025 Trade
…in 2025, bringing volumes down to 505 Mt. Similarly, Australia and Colombia are expected to experience export contractions, with volumes falling by 4 Mt and 11 Mt, respectively, largely due to persistently low international coal prices that continue to undermine production economics. Furthermore, South African exports are forecast to decline modestly by 1 Mt.Looking ahead to 2030, global thermal coal trade is expected to continue its downward trajectory to a level of 936 Mt. This trend is primarily driven by developments in China and India. In China slightly declining coal demand combined with strong domestic production is likely to reduce the need for imports. Similarly…
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- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Policy options to accelerate distributed solar PV in Ukraine Distributed solar PV in Ukraine
…of new distributed solar PV for a distributed energy system by 2030 implies that the total installed capacity more than quadruples from the estimated capacity of around 7 GW in 2024. As Russia continues to strategically target Ukrainian energy infrastructure ahead of the fourth winter since the beginning of the war, large-scale plants, both conventional and renewable, are particularly vulnerable to attacks given their size and location. The areas of highest solar PV resource potential in the country are in the south. Other plants were also affected by flooding after the destruction of the Kakhovka hydropower dam in 2023…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Nuclear
In 2025, 3 GW of new nuclear capacity came online, with China, India and Russia each completing work on a new reactor. However, these additions were offset by the retirement of 3 GW of nuclear capacity, two-thirds of which was in Belgium. In total, global nuclear capacity remained at 420 GW at the end of 2025, with reactors in operation in over 30 countries. There were ten construction starts in 2025 – nine in China and one in Russia – with a total capacity of 12.2 GW. Over the past decade, 94% of nuclear reactors that started construction were of…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Electric vehicle charging
Light-duty electric vehicle charger deployment Most electric car owners charge at home Globally, the number of private light-duty vehicle (LDV) charging points is estimated to have reached more than 43 million in 2025, supporting an electric LDV stock of around 76 million. About one-third of the private charging points worldwide are in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter, “China”), one-third in Europe, and one in six in the United States.Home charging – whether in a driveway, garage or other dedicated parking space – is currently the preferred way to charge an electric car for those with the ability to…
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Critical Mineral Traceability for Energy and Economic Security Executive summary
Risks to energy and economic security from high levels of concentration in critical mineral supply chains became a reality in 2025. All of the IEA’s six focus minerals – copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements – are set to see strong demand growth, driven by their central role in energy and strategic industrial applications. Yet diversification has lagged demand, with processing and refining remaining highly concentrated. Risks from concentration materialised in 2025 as new export controls threatened the supply of materials critical to strategic and economically important industries.Recent years have seen a proliferation of new policies and…
