Cite report
IEA (2025), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2025, Licence: CC BY 4.0
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Regional snapshots
Policymakers have woken up to these energy security challenges with a wave of new policy initiatives
Governments around the world are intensifying efforts to secure critical mineral supplies through public funding, strategic partnerships and domestic policy reforms. In Europe, regulatory support and investments have ramped up to support critical mineral supply, supported by national investment funds and cross-border partnerships. North America is leveraging financial incentives to stimulate private-sector investment.
Latin America, rich in critical minerals, is projected to reach USD 154 billion in mining and refining value amid regulatory reforms to attract foreign capital. China, already dominant, is expected to grow from 45% to 50% of global refining market share. The rest of Asia is also emerging as a key player. Southeast Asia’s mining sector is set for rapid growth with a focus on nickel, cobalt and rare earths. Japan and Korea are investing in overseas assets and promoting recycling. India is moving to unlock untapped reserves. Australia, a major player in global critical mineral supply chains, continues to expand its mining activities, alongside efforts to move up the value chain, supported by robust environmental, social and governance standards and government financing support.
Africa seeks to leverage its resources to maximise economic benefits through local processing, enhance bilateral co-operation and advocate transparency in critical mineral supply chains. The Middle East sees mineral commodities as a strategic pillar in economic diversification and are deploying longer-term capital across the value chain.
The regional snapshot section is a new addition this year, offering a concise overview of key regions’ activities and policy development related to critical mineral supply chains.