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The Value of Demand Flexibility Executive summary
…Meanwhile, it can also deliver capacity to the grid at a cost up to three times lower than building new capacity, helping keep electricity costs lower for everyone.Reduce emissions. By facilitating the integration of variable renewables and reducing reliance on fossil fuels during peak periods, demand flexibility can lower the carbon intensity of the power system by shifting consumption away from peak hours, when emissions are generally higher, sometimes by as much as 70% compared to off-peak times.These benefits are increasingly important as energy systems evolve. Three trends are driving the need for increased demand flexibility:Rising…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Clean cooking: State of play and recent progress
…development, and the environment. Globally, a lack of clean cooking contributes to around 3 million premature deaths each year, with women and children facing the greatest exposure, and accounts for annual emissions equivalent to 1.2 Gt CO2-eq, roughly equivalent to the global CO2 emissions from international aviation and shipping. The challenge is most severe in sub-Saharan Africa, where four out of five households lack clean cooking access today. To spur global action on the issue, the International Energy Agency (IEA) convened the Summit on Clean Cooking in Africa with the objective of making 2024 a turning point…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Trends in electric cars
Electric car sales Electric car sales topped 20 million globally in 2025 One in four new cars sold worldwide was electric in 2025The electric car market reached new highs in 2025, growing by 20% from 2024 to exceed 20 million sales, in line with expectations in the 2025 edition of the Global EV Outlook. The sales share of electric cars in the overall car market increased to 25%. This marked the fifth consecutive year in which annual electric car sales increased by about 3.5 million, a trend that began in 2021 after the Covid‑19 pandemic. As a result, about 5% of the…
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Policy response to the crisis
As markets reeled from the drastic reduction in Russian pipeline gas supply to Europe and as global trade and demand patterns shifted, governments did not remain idle. Faced with the spectre of supply shortages, worsening current accounts, and inflation pressure linked to energy imports and rising energy prices for citizens and businesses alike, governments across the main LNG-importing regions rapidly implemented policy and market measures in response to the crisis. Europe The European Union and its member states adopted a number of measures to enhance security of supply and market resilience ahead of the 2022/23 heating season. However…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Status and key indicators
…programmes such as Horizon Europe. NARD supports energy-related initiatives by funding projects, fostering partnerships and promoting international collaboration to advance energy research and technology. Energy strategy and objectives Moldova passed legally binding legislation in April 2024 that commits the country to achieving net zero emissions by 2050. In addition to setting this target, Law No. 74 on Climate Action establishes a climate change commission to coordinate policies and public spending on adaptation and mitigation.Moldova’s Energy Strategy of 2030 had set several intermediate targets related to renewable energy, including renewable heat, up until 2020. The country’s National…
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Rare Earth Elements Executive summary
Rare earth elements have rapidly moved to the forefront of the energy and economic policy agenda Rare earth elements play a crucial role in a wide range of strategic applications, from energy, transport and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to aerospace, medical and defence systems. The wide range of applications, combined with highly concentrated supply chains, has elevated their importance in both energy and broader economic security discussions. Though relatively plentiful in the Earth’s crust, this set of 17 elements have garnered the label “rare” because economically viable concentrations are uncommon and they are seldom found in pure form. Their chemical…
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Ukraine’s Energy Security A pre-winter assessment
Ukraine’s energy sector continues to be a major target of Russian missile and drone attacks As Ukraine enters its fourth winter of the war, energy infrastructure continues to be targeted by Russian attacks. Ukraine’s natural gas and power infrastructure remain vulnerable, with an increasing number of missiles and drones striking critical plants and pipelines. At the same time, evolving tactics and technologies are present a persistent challenge for Ukraine’s air and passive defences.Energy security is central to Ukraine’s overall security. Ensuring that Ukrainian citizens retain access to heat and power is of the utmost importance…
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Pledges to Progress 2025 Executive summary
…the OGDC on average scored 12, and 20 companies scored less than 3 out of 25.Companies scored much more highly for target setting than for disclosure on strategies for implementation and reporting. On average, companies scored 66% against the metrics related to setting high-level targets, 21% on the metrics related to disclosure and reporting, and 18% on metrics related to implementation strategies. The individual metrics with the lowest scores relate to methane investment reporting (metric 24), economic analysis of abatement measures (metric 10) and divestments and acquisitions-related emissions (metric 22).Results show a mix of full, partial and no credit awarded...
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Energy and AI Executive summary
The transformative potential of AI depends on energy There has been a step change in the capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI), driven by falling computation costs, a surge in data availability and technical breakthroughs. AI is the science of making machines capable of learning to perform tasks that traditionally required human intelligence. AI is emerging as a general-purpose technology, much like electricity. Today, it can generate text and videos, accelerate scientific discovery in fields like medicine or materials science, make manufacturing robots smarter and more productive, drive commercial taxis in complex city landscapes, and detect threats to critical infrastructure…
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Coal 2025 Prices and costs
…low-CV (CV below 4 200 kcal/kg), mid-CV (CV between 4 200 kcal/kg and 5 700 kcal/kg) and high-CV (CV above 5 700 kcal/kg) categories. In some cases, direct substitution between grades is feasible, and blending higher-grade coal with lower-grade coal is commonly employed to meet specific quality requirements. Coking coal is the most important type of met coal and is primarily used in the production of coke for steelmaking.In the Pacific Basin thermal coal price markers have moved in correlation. Between January and August 2025, the price of high-CV coal averaged USD 104/t. Mid-CV and low…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
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