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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Executive summary
…industry. Demand from new applications accounted for less than 1% of the total and was almost entirely concentrated in biofuels production. The supply of hydrogen continued to be dominated by fossil fuels, using 290 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural gas and 90 million tonnes of coal equivalent (Mtce) in 2024. Low-emissions hydrogen production grew by 10% in 2024 and is on track to reach 1 Mt in 2025, but it still accounts for less than 1% of global production.While the uptake of low-emissions hydrogen is not yet meeting the ambitions set in recent years – held back by high costs…
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Integrating Solar and Wind in Southeast Asia Executive summary
…for all countries to diversify their energy sources. Driven by rapid urbanisation, population growth, industrialisation and rising living standards, demand growth exceeded 7% in 2024 - nearly double the global average. While the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states are becoming increasingly reliant on imported coal and gas for power generation, the recent global energy crisis underscored the risks that this dependence poses through fuel price volatility and supply disruptions. Meeting electricity demand growth securely, affordably and sustainably requires co-ordinated policy measures and actions from policymakers, regulators and utilities. Southeast Asia has vast potential to leverage a…
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Korea 2025 Executive summary
…Despite robust growth in gross domestic product (GDP), Korea has managed to stabilise and reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in recent years following a peak around 2018. Nonetheless, it faces challenges in fully decoupling emissions from economic growth. Notable among these challenges is the continued reliance on coal and the need for further expanding renewable energy technologies.Addressing Korea’s challenges will require sustained policy efforts, domestic and international co-operation, and technological innovation. In 2021, the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth for Coping with Climate Crisis (Carbon Neutrality Act) enshrined the country’s 2050 net zero…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Overview and key findings
…system are reflected in the trajectories for fossil fuels. In the CPS, oil and natural gas demand continue to grow to mid-century, although coal goes into decline before 2030. In the STEPS, coal use peaks earlier than in the CPS and oil demand flattens by the end of the decade, but natural gas demand continues to grow into the 2030s, as a wave of new liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports brings downward pressure on prices. The emissions trajectory in the CPS is consistent with warming of almost 3 °C by 2100, whereas lower levels of emissions in the STEPS keep…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Implications of CPS and STEPS
…and change By 2035, energy demand in the Current Policies Scenario (CPS) is around 35 exajoules (EJ) higher than in the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), a difference roughly equivalent to the current annual energy demand of the Middle East. All the extra energy required in the CPS compared to the STEPS comes from oil, natural gas and coal. In the absence of renewed geopolitical disruptions, markets for oil and natural gas appear well supplied in the coming years. But production from existing oil fields declines at a rate of 8% per year, if no investment is made, so it does not…
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National Energy Strategy (SEN) 2017 - coal phase-out
Coal phase out was first introduced in the National Energy Strategy (SEN) in 2017. Gradual cessation of coal-fired electricity generation by 2028 for approximately 5 GW, offset by strong growth in renewable energy and a plan for infrastructure interventions (flexible generation, networks and storage systems). Despite a slowdown in the process linked to the 2021-2022 energy crisis and temporary maximization of production made necessary by the energy crisis following the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the phase-out is confirmed within the limits of security of supply needs and provided that replacement plants and the necessary infrastructure are built in…
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Coal Mining Abatement Technology Support Package
The Coal Mining Abatement Technology Support Package (CMATSP) was a grant of AUD 70 million from the federal government used to support merit based grants and supported projects that developed ventilation air methane process technologies. The aim was to maintain and enhance the international competitiveness and viability of the Australian coal mining sector to meet Australia's greenhouse reduction targets. The funds were directed at three elements: research, development and demonstration of technologies and processes associated with coal mining greenhouse gas mitigation including the measurement and monitoring of emissions, avoidance and abatement technologies; work to address safety and regulatory issues…
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Coal Mines Regulations, 2017
…in coal seams (by way of a methane detector), all persons are required to evacuate the area, and a designated person is required to take steps to remove the gas by improving ventilation, with no re-entry allowed until the area is confirmed safe upon examination with a flame safety lamp or a suitable detector. Detailed records of the detection, removal, and inspections are to be maintained (Regulation 166). In relation to methane extraction, the Regulations require detailed notifications to be made to a Chief Inspector designated by the Central Government regarding the intent to explore methane in coal mines…
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Coal export ban
The Colombian government announced on June 2024 that the country would ban thermal coal exports to Israel. The proposal is currently in a proposal stage, in which the government is receiving comments from different sectors, including civil society, between June 11 and June 17, 2024. Once comments are reviewed, the Colombian government will make a final decision on whether to implement the measure.
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Coal Ban Act
The Netherlands legislated in 2019 to prohibit the electricity production from coal beyond 2030.