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Ensuring a Strong Labour Dimension for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions
…energy system, with around 67.5 million people working in the sector in 2023 and an estimated 2 million additional jobs created in 2024. These millions of skilled workers are central to securing a safe, reliable, and sustainable energy supply, and in turn, ensuring energy security worldwide.While this paper will focus mostly on the energy workforce, clean energy transitions affect workers in a range of sectors from industry to transport, to agriculture. Industrial decarbonisation of energy intensive industries will have a particularly large impact on both direct and indirect workers and requires special attention. These workers should also be supported during clean energy…
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Clean Energy Technology Supply Chain Data Executive summary
…an essential role to play.The availability of good-quality, timely data is crucial to understanding clean energy technology supply chains and addressing vulnerabilities. Risks to supply chains can arise from interdependencies across technologies and between geographies, among other factors. Today, the available data shows that many clean energy technology supply chains are highly concentrated, and therefore vulnerable to potential disruptions caused both by human activity, such as trade restrictions and conflict, and by natural hazards – exacerbating risks to energy security.High-quality, timely data on energy technology supply chains is essential for evidence-based policy making. This could include…
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Renewables in District Energy Executive summary
…thirds of consumption in energy-importing countries, exposing consumers to price volatility and geopolitical supply risks. While efficiency improvements – including the shift to combined heat and power – have reduced emissions intensity, overall fossil fuel use remains high. Coal accounts for around half of global district heat production, with natural gas contributing close to one-third, reflecting continued reliance on legacy infrastructure and established supply chains, particularly in China and Eastern Europe. Existing networks provide a platform for fuel switching and the integration of renewables and waste heat, making district energy a key lever to advance, energy security and system efficiency…
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World Energy Investment 2025 United States
Energy investment policies in the United States reflect its prioritisation of energy security Energy investment in the United States reflects its prioritisation of energy security, with a subsequent strategic push to establish a presence in emerging value chains and to supply international markets. Since becoming a net energy exporter in 2019, a remarkable turnaround from its high previous reliance on imports, the country has continued to expand its global energy role. In 2024 it was the world’s largest producer of oil and gas (20% of global output), as well as a major investor (25% of total investment). This growth…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Policy recommendations for the coming 2-3 years
Prioritise deployment of renewables to boost energy security and create an enabling environment for future hydrogen development Ukraine currently lacks adequate power generation capacity and restoring energy security must be a priority. Any activity focused on accelerating deployment of renewables will have positive spillover effects for hydrogen, by building experience across the workforce and companies and helping to build confidence among potential investors. This will also indirectly reduce the cost of capital by reducing the uncertainties related with renewable electricity generation. Similarly, any efforts related to permitting and administrative processes for renewables can also support the creation of standardised processes…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Regional snapshots
Policymakers have woken up to these energy security challenges with a wave of new policy initiatives Governments around the world are intensifying efforts to secure critical mineral supplies through public funding, strategic partnerships and domestic policy reforms. In Europe, regulatory support and investments have ramped up to support critical mineral supply, supported by national investment funds and cross-border partnerships. North America is leveraging financial incentives to stimulate private-sector investment. Latin America, rich in critical minerals, is projected to reach USD 154 billion in mining and refining value amid regulatory reforms to attract foreign capital. China, already dominant, is…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap A pathway for heat pumps
Heat pumps can strengthen Moldova’s energy security, independence, air pollution and emissions, and even improve energy affordability. Given the regional turmoil – notably in the energy sector – over the past three years and into early 2025, there is a compelling case for reducing natural gas consumption by deploying heat pumps. While Moldova is only beginning to realise its heat pump potential, this presents a significant opportunity to design the system effectively – by stimulating demand, expanding supply, financing the transition and establishing clear regulations. A comprehensive approach will help to ensure a steady and orderly deployment. The following table recommends specific…
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Korea 2025 Executive summary
…renewable energy technologies.Addressing Korea’s challenges will require sustained policy efforts, domestic and international co-operation, and technological innovation. In 2021, the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth for Coping with Climate Crisis (Carbon Neutrality Act) enshrined the country’s 2050 net zero target into law alongside interim 2030 GHG reduction targets and sector-specific measures. A Presidential Commission on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth acts as a climate policy council, advises the government on targets and policies, and reviews progress on mitigation and adaptation each year. In 2022, the government placed an emphasis on energy security and…
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The State of Energy Innovation 2026 Executive summary
Successful energy innovations can have outsize economic and social outcomes, impacting industrial competitiveness, trade, environmental health, infrastructure investment and security. The second edition of the State of Energy Innovation turns the spotlight on the technologies, policies and funders at the forefront of this process. Today, the global markets for energy technologies such as batteries, transformers, turbines, motors and heat exchangers are worth trillions of dollars. With spending on energy representing as much as 10% of global GDP, innovation that reduces energy supply costs can transform a country’s comparative advantage. As a result, the energy sector is innovation-intensive: one…
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Key findings
Biogases are a hidden solution to many of today’s energy security and sustainability challenges. They turn waste into sustainable, low-emissions fuels. The attraction of biogases lies in the integration of energy, environment, waste and emissions policies and targets. Biogas can be used directly as heat by households and industry, and to produce electricity. Biomethane, which is an upgraded form of biogas, is a locally sourced, drop-in substitute for natural gas. This report assesses the global potential and costs of developing biogas and biomethane using a first-of-a-kind geospatial analysis. It provides detailed country- and region…
