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Zambia
Coal production is set to increase in Zambia, but exports remain limited to trade with neighbouring countries. The country has recently made good progress regarding electrification rates through a large push for mini-grid and off-grid solutions in rural areas.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Critical Minerals
…refining and processing. For copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements, the average market share of the top three refining nations rose to 86% in 2024 from around 82% in 2020, with almost all supply growth coming from the single top supplier: Indonesia for nickel, and China for all others.
While policy makers have woken up to the challenges, based on today’s policy settings and investment trends, the average share of the top three suppliers is projected to decline only marginally over the next decade, effectively returning to the concentration levels seen in 2020. Despite narrowing supply… -
Coal 2025 Trade
…decline in 2025 International coal trade grew by 3% in 2024, reaching a new record of 1 544 Mt. This growth was driven by increases in both thermal coal (up 26 Mt to 1 176 Mt) and met coal (up 21 Mt to 368 Mt). Coal trade accounted for approximately 18% of global coal demand, with thermal coal making up more than three-quarters of total traded volumes. Seaborne trade continued to dominate, representing over 90% of global coal trade in 2024.The Asia Pacific region further strengthened its dominance, accounting for 85% of global coal imports in 2024. China led global imports in 2024 with 548 Mt…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Key findings
…production of oil, gas and coal, combined with limited mitigation efforts, has kept emissions above 120 million tonnes (Mt) annually. Abandoned wells and mines – included in this year’s Global Methane Tracker for the first time – contributed around 8 Mt to these emissions in 2024. Bioenergy production and consumption results in a further 20 Mt of methane, largely from the incomplete combustion of traditional biomass used in cooking and heating in developing economies.The agriculture and waste sectors are also major sources of methane emissions, but fossil fuel supply offers the greatest potential for immediate reductions in methane emissions. Solutions that lower…
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Benin
Benin is reliant on electricity imports for a significant share of its energy supply. Reform programmes, including plans for electrification, have been put in place in the country, where only 30% of the population had access to electricity in 2017.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Overview
…generation to shift from gas to coal. In the European Union, coal demand grew in the first half of 2025 driven by the electricity sector, as a result of low wind and hydro output and higher gas prices.Despite such trends in the first half of the year, our full-year forecast for global coal demand in 2025 is little changed from the one published in our annual Coal 2024 report in December 2024. The structural drivers underlying coal demand remain the same, both in the electricity and industrial sectors. On a global level, the main regional changes compared with…
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Electricity 2026 Prices
…As a result, policy makers are increasingly focusing on market and regulatory reforms to improve affordability while still ensuring prices reflect costs and encourage demand‑side flexibility. Wholesale prices continue to differ across regions In many markets wholesale prices increased year-on-year in 2025 amid higher gas prices, following declines in 2024 compared to 2023. The average EU wholesale price in 2025 was up around 10% y-o-y to about USD 95/MWh, in line with the 9% increase in the Title Transfer Facility (TTF) natural gas price at the trading hub in the Netherlands. This was also supported by higher…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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South Sudan
South Sudan is one of Eastern Africa's major oil resource holders but exported more than 85% of its production in 2014. Only 1% of the population had access to electricity in the country in 2017.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Beyond NMC batteries: Supply chain issues for emerging battery technologies
The LFP battery supply chains are significantly more concentrated than those for nickel-based batteries Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries now supply almost half the global electric car market up from less than 10% in 2020, at the expense of the previously dominant nickel-based NMC lithium-ion batteries, due to improved performance and lower costs. This remarkable battery chemistry shift is leading to new battery critical mineral supply chains coming into focus beyond nickel and cobalt. Simultaneously, there is also the emergence of manganese-rich lithium-ion cathodes, sodium-ion batteries, as well as the anticipated impact of solid…
