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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Steel
…IEA’s Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE Scenario). Cost Blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) routes make up about 70% of global steel production today.Hydrogen direct reduced iron electric arc furnace (H2 DRI-EAF) routes are emerging as a preferred low-emissions option in certain regions. Early commercial plants using 100% hydrogen blends are estimated to cost 50-140% more than BF-BOF plants today, varying based on region, which is slowing deployment. Deployment Capacity for near-zero emissions iron by 2030 remains unchanged from 2024, at about 10 Mt. Near-zero emissions capable capacity is largely…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Biogas and biomethane outlook to 2050
…in the STEPs and around 40% in the APS. Nevertheless, liquid and gaseous fuels still meet 50% of total final energy consumption in the STEPS and 40% in the APS, creating opportunities for the use of low-emissions fuels in sectors unable to electrify. The share of biogases in total gaseous fuel demand grows from 1% in 2023 to around 5% by 2050 in the STEPS and 10% in the APS. In the power sector, capacity of biogas plants increases from 11 GW in 2023 to 20 GW in 2035. Use of biomethane in the power sector triples by 2035…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for electricity
…pumps. The electricity sector accounted for 59% of all the coal used globally in 2021, together with 34% of natural gas, 4% of oil, 52% of all renewables and nearly 100% of nuclear power. It also accounted for over one-third of all energy-related CO2 emissions in 2021. Key findings Global electricity demand rises by 5 900 terawatt-hours (TWh) in the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) and over 7 000 TWh in the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) by 2030, equivalent to adding the current level of demand in the United States and the European Union. In advanced economies, transport…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for liquid fuels
…oil demand increases by 1.5 mb/d between 2021 and 2030 in the STEPS, but falls by 13 mb/d in the NZE Scenario.Aviation and shipping consumed 10 mb/d of oil in 2021, which is 20% less than before the Covid-19 pandemic. In the STEPS, economic growth drives up trade and travel, and demand grows by 4 mb/d between 2021 and 2030. In the APS, action is taken to increase the use of alternative fuels and cut emissions to achieve the climate goals of governments and targets set by industry organisations, and demand increases by 3 mb/d to 20...
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Energy Efficiency 2025 Transport
…infrastructure support including charging and battery swapping stations, tax exemptions and financial support can accelerate their deployment.For heavy-duty trucks, fuel economy standards play a key role. Countries where standards are already in place can increase their stringency to scale up progress. Others can start by setting standards now to avoid inefficient vehicles entering the market and to accelerate the shift to electric models are fleets are renewed. Notes: Bubble sizes give an indication of the relevance of each measure within the country grouping (classified as high, moderate, low and very low). The classification is based on multiple factor...
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Investment and innovation
…of capacity by 2026 and 25% of estimated investment. Europe represents less than 20% of capacity but 45% of investment, reflecting higher capital expenditure (CAPEX) per unit of capacity. The United States leads CCUS-based hydrogen projects. Over 85% of investment targets existing hydrogen uses in industry and refineries, or hydrogen-based fuels.International public finance for low-emissions hydrogen in emerging economies had grown from a negligible level in 2022 to around USD 3.3 billion in cumulative commitments to governments by the first quarter (Q1) of 2026. This supports technical assistance, broader policy frameworks and, recently, enabling infrastructure. As projects advance…
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Renewables 2025 Biogases
…emissions reductions. Third, countries are paying more attention to the circular economy concept, recognising that biogas production can help revalorise organic waste and residues. Finally, as rural areas are losing population in many regions, biogas and biomethane development can contribute to rural economic growth. Global combined biogas and biomethane production is expected to expand 22% from 2025 to 2030 This represents a 4% increase in 2030 from last year’s forecast. Net growth will come from biomethane owing to its versatility and the opportunity to use natural gas grids and equipment, which could make it possible to displace fossil fuels…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Trade and infrastructure
…milestones in 2025, as China began construction of the world’s longest hydrogen pipeline, and Germany completed the world’s longest repurposing of a natural gas pipeline.Announced underground hydrogen storage projects could provide 11 TWh of capacity by 2035 (335 kt H₂), but just over 7% has reached final investment decision (FID) or is under construction, equivalent to 0.6% of the estimated throughput from committed low-emissions hydrogen projects. Large-scale salt caverns are in construction in the United States, Germany and China.Around 170 ammonia and 130 methanol port terminals are in operation. Ammonia leads among announced projects, but more methanol…
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Scaling Up Transition Finance What is transition finance?
…moment, the volume of finance that can be labelled as transition finance is low, but International Energy Agency (IEA) scenarios provide some indicative guidance of the potential volume of investments that could be covered. Over the next decade, the amount of investment that can be supported by transition finance is approximately USD 5 trillion of cumulative investment in the Announced Policies Scenario (APS) and approximately USD 4 trillion in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) Scenario, or USD 400-500 billion per year. Over half of those investments would be in EMDE, spanning energy efficiency, selected low-emissions technology across different end-use sectors, and…
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Renewables in District Energy Executive summary
…To date, district heating remains largely fossil fuel-based, with around two-thirds of consumption in energy-importing countries, exposing consumers to price volatility and geopolitical supply risks. While efficiency improvements – including the shift to combined heat and power – have reduced emissions intensity, overall fossil fuel use remains high. Coal accounts for around half of global district heat production, with natural gas contributing close to one-third, reflecting continued reliance on legacy infrastructure and established supply chains, particularly in China and Eastern Europe. Existing networks provide a platform for fuel switching and the integration of renewables and waste heat, making…
