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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 7. Palembang waste-to-energy plant
…nearly 300 000 tonnes of waste, reducing the city’s reliance on landfill disposal, cutting methane emissions, and improving local environmental conditions. The project broke ground in September 2024 with China Power Engineering Consulting Group as the EPC contractor, with operations expected to start in 2026. It contributes directly to Indonesia’s plan to deploy 30 WTE plants nationwide by 2029 and support the country’s broader low-carbon and circular-economy goals. Financing model and China’s role The project is structured as a build–own–operate public–private partnership under a 30-year concession. The Palembang municipal government guarantees…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Executive summary
…their market value is higher in the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), with greater deployment offsetting the additional decline in costs. Electric cars are by far the largest clean energy technology market in 2035, accounting for around three-quarters of the total market value in all scenarios.There are many growth opportunities for low-emissions fuels, especially those that can be directly used in existing infrastructure. In several segments – notably cars – low-emissions fuels are not only competing with fossil fuels, but increasingly with the rising use of electricity. However, the medium-term growth prospects remain bright: their market value grows…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Deployment of clean energy technologies, materials and fuels
…policy support and low consumer willingness to absorb cost premiums. Yet momentum is building: 105 Mt of near-zero emissions steel production capacity has been announced since 2020 (equal to around 5% of global production today), roughly double the conventional capacity additions, though only 5% has taken final investment decision (FID). A strong policy push is needed for a large market for near-zero emissions materials: in the NZE Scenario, it reaches USD 500 billion in 2035, far higher than in the STEPS (USD 20 billion) and CPS (USD 5 billion). The market for low-emissions fuels grew by an…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Demand
…lead the way in the adoption of low-emissions hydrogen. Based on projects that are operational, under construction or have reached final investment decision (FID), more than 2 Mtpa is expected to be consumed in refineries and industrial facilities by 2030. This could be complemented by additional supply provided by merchant projects.In road transport, heavy trucks remain the only fast-growing market for fuel cell electric vehicles, despite their higher total costs of ownership when compared to battery electric or diesel trucks. China remains the leader, with almost 95% of the world’s fuel cell commercial vehicles stock.In shipping…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Demand
…the first time.Volumes for low-emissions hydrogen included in procurement tenders grew marginally in 2025, to reach more than 1 Mtpa. More than 0.3 Mtpa have been contracted as of Q1 2026, with progress occurring mostly in refining and fertilisers thanks to supportive policies and regulations in Europe and India.Refining and industry remain the main sectors in which low-emissions hydrogen adoption is taking place. Based on projects that have at least reached a final investment decision (FID), 2.5 Mt is expected to be produced and consumed in refineries and industrial facilities by 2030.Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Transport
…tool is to promote fuel-efficient driving through training programmes.Incentives such as electric vehicle subsidies can drive the market towards more efficient and less polluting vehicles. Government support for EV purchases can be transitional and evolve with the development of the technology and markets. As the technology matures and EV prices become more competitive with their conventional counterparts, subsidies can be adapted and redirected in order to increase access to vehicles and improve their affordability, targeting groups where adoption is slower. Financial incentives may also be combined with disincentives for high-emitting vehicles by adding emission-based taxes or…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for energy demand
…but in many instances they include determined efforts to accelerate clean energy investment. This means an even stronger push for renewables in the power sector and faster electrification of industrial processes, vehicles and heating. As many of the solutions to the current crisis coincide with those needed to meet global climate goals, the crisis may end up being seen in retrospect as marking a critical turning point in the drive for both energy security and emissions reductions. Key findings A gloomy economic outlook leads to lower projections of energy demand growth in this Outlook than in last year’s edition…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Executive summary
…using electrolysis and those using fossil fuels with carbon capture utilisation and storage (CCUS), although electrolysis projects were responsible for more than 80% of the total drop. These delays and cancellations included early-stage projects across Africa, the Americas, Europe and Australia. At the same time, the number of projects that have received a final investment decision grew by almost 20% since the publication of the Global Hydrogen Review 2024 and now represent 9% of the total project pipeline to 2030.Despite the recalibration of industry plans, low-emissions hydrogen production is expected to grow strongly by 2030. Low-emis...
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Five key questions about hydrogen
…scale investments.The primary barrier to scale-up is the significant cost gap between low-emissions hydrogen and conventional fossil-based alternatives, in both traditional applications like refining, and emerging applications such as steel, shipping and aviation. However, strategic policy interventions could unlock substantial demand in the near term. Key opportunities include focusing on existing hydrogen uses where technology barriers are lower, leveraging public procurement power, and implementing holistic policy frameworks that incorporate offtake requirements.International transport regulations hold promise, with frameworks from the International Maritime Organization potentially boosting shipping fuel demand. Traditional hydrogen applications represent immediate “low-hanging fruit”…
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Renewables 2021 Renewable heat
…while renewable heat consumption increased by over 3.5% year on year.More than a quarter of global heat consumption takes place in People’s Republic of China (hereafter ‘China’) – almost 70% of which is for industry – while the United States, the European Union, India and the Russian Federation (“Russia”) together account for another 35%.The supply of heat, which contributed more than 40% (13.1 Gt) of global energy-related CO2 emissions in 2020, remains heavily fossil fuel dependent, with renewable sources (including traditional uses of biomass) meeting less than a quarter of global heat demand in 2020 – a…
