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Global Energy Review 2025 Oil
…8% – well below the average annual growth rate prior to the Covid-19 pandemic. Most of this growth was recorded in 1Q24, owing to the residual impact of lockdowns in 1Q23. The slowdown was driven by a mix of factors, including the very rapid deployment of electric vehicles, growth in natural gas-powered trucks, the huge expansion of high-speed rail, and the ongoing downturn in the property sector. In 2023, oil demand had also been boosted by a major year-on-year oil price decline, with benchmark Brent crude prices falling by 18% compared with 2022 (and product prices…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Executive summary
…for 9% of the world’s population and 4% of its GDP, but nearly 20% of global energy demand growth to 2035 under today’s policy settings. The disruption in global fuel markets has exposed deep structural vulnerabilities linked to import dependence, limited diversification and concentrated supply routes. Before the crisis, around 60% of Southeast Asia’s imports of crude oil and a third of its imports of gas were coming from the Middle East, while 45% of its oil product supply were dependent on Middle Eastern crude. The resulting price shock is already feeding through to higher energy bills…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Demand
…fast-growing market for fuel cell electric vehicles, despite their higher total costs of ownership when compared to battery electric or diesel trucks. China remains the leader, with almost 95% of the world’s fuel cell commercial vehicles stock.In shipping, the fleet of ships able to use hydrogen-based fuels is growing and offtake agreement activity has increased, but concerns about supply availability are slightly slowing down momentum. The recent approval of the IMO Net-Zero Framework could provide a boost, but its impact is uncertain, as it may favour first-generation biofuels or even liquefied natural gas (LNG…
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Key findings
…metres (bcm) of natural gas could be made available annually through a global effort to cut methane from oil and gas operations, with a further 100 bcm unlocked through the elimination of non-emergency flaring worldwide.It would take time to deploy the equipment and infrastructure needed to achieve cuts of this magnitude. But in the immediate future, if countries with spare export capacity and gas importers were to implement abatement measures across their upstream and downstream operations, we estimate that nearly 15 bcm could be made available in a sufficiently short period of time to provide some relief to gas markets…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Executive summary
…the markets for clean energy technologies and fuels are expanding rapidly Deployment of many clean energy technologies, fuels and materials has been growing fast, but shifting policies, economic conditions and technological progress are creating uncertainty about their prospects and economic potential. Against this backdrop, the IEA’s flagship technology publication Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) aims to separate the signal from the noise, by providing timely data, scenarios and analysis across deployment, manufacturing, trade, competitiveness and security. At a time when misjudging the moment risks wasting capital or stalling momentum, this report has been designed to help decision makers navigate uncertainties…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Demand
Global hydrogen demand grew almost 3% in 2025 to surpass 100 Mt, concentrated in traditional uses in industry and refining. The impacts of the conflict in the Middle East render the near-term outlook for current hydrogen applications uncertain, particularly for fertiliser production and trade.Demand for low-emissions hydrogen grew by 20% in 2025, reaching close to 1 Mt. However, sluggish and uncertain policy implementation is failing to address the major barriers to adoption and preventing faster uptake.New offtake agreements for low-emissions hydrogen reached 1.7 Mtpa in 2025, as in 2024. One-fifth of all new agreements were firm…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Energy in Southeast Asia
…supported by industrialisation, urbanisation, rising incomes and expanding mobility needs. This growth has helped underpin economic development and wider access to modern energy, but it has also increased exposure to global fuel markets and added to emissions. The current Middle East crisis has tested Southeast Asia’s energy security and affordability, exposing the limits of short-term responses. The region was heavily exposed to Middle Eastern supply, both through direct crude oil and gas imports and through refined product trade. Governments have responded with measures to curb demand, reduce taxes, stabilise prices and protect vulnerable households and sectors. These interventions…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Demand
…which remained relatively resilient. For the second half of the year, we expect a modest recovery, and therefore anticipate overall coal demand in China to fall by 0.5% in 2025.Similarly, India experienced a 2.1% year-on-year drop in coal demand for power generation in the first half of the year. This was primarily due to an early onset of the monsoon season and a high baseline of consumption in 2024, which was marked by an intense heatwave. On the other hand, the Indian steel sector showed signs of strength, as overall industrial coal demand was e...
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Global Energy Review 2026 CO2 emissions
…market and developing economies excluding China, emissions increased by 1.1%, significantly below the 2.2% average annual growth observed over the past five years, with India a major contributor to this slowdown. Emissions in India dipped in 2025, driven primarily by weather effects linked to an earlier and stronger monsoon cycle, alongside continued robust expansion of renewable energy capacity. Outside of China, annual emissions trends were largely driven by weather effects. In advanced economies, colder winter conditions boosted heating demand, increasing natural gas consumption in buildings and the power sector. By contrast, reduced cooling needs in many emerging markets…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Executive summary
…industry. Demand from new applications accounted for less than 1% of the total and was almost entirely concentrated in biofuels production. The supply of hydrogen continued to be dominated by fossil fuels, using 290 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural gas and 90 million tonnes of coal equivalent (Mtce) in 2024. Low-emissions hydrogen production grew by 10% in 2024 and is on track to reach 1 Mt in 2025, but it still accounts for less than 1% of global production.While the uptake of low-emissions hydrogen is not yet meeting the ambitions set in recent years – held back by high costs…