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Global EV Outlook 2026 Electric vehicle charging
…or codes. For example, in 2024 the European Union revised the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive to require new or renovated buildings to include pre-cabling for EV charging. This makes it easier for residents to install home chargers, while avoiding the future need for costly retrofits. Kenya’s 2024 National Building Code mandates 5% of parking spaces in all new buildings be equipped for EV charging. India’s Model Building Bye‑Laws (MBBL) were amended in 2019 to include dedicated provisions for EV charging: charging infrastructure should be planned to cover 20% of parking capacity for all vehicles (including 2Ws). In…
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The Implications of Oil and Gas Field Decline Rates Executive summary
…by 2024 this share had fallen to 77% as a result of rising output from unconventional fields. In the case of natural gas, around 70% of the 4 300 billion cubic metres (bcm) produced today is from conventional fields, with nearly all of the rest being shale gas produced in the United States. Even with the shale revolution, overall oil and gas output still relies heavily on a small number of supergiant fields, largely in the Middle East, Eurasia and North America, which together accounted for almost half of global oil and gas production in 2024.Detailed analysis of the production records…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap A pathway for heat pumps
Heat pumps can strengthen Moldova’s energy security, independence, air pollution and emissions, and even improve energy affordability. Given the regional turmoil – notably in the energy sector – over the past three years and into early 2025, there is a compelling case for reducing natural gas consumption by deploying heat pumps. While Moldova is only beginning to realise its heat pump potential, this presents a significant opportunity to design the system effectively – by stimulating demand, expanding supply, financing the transition and establishing clear regulations. A comprehensive approach will help to ensure a steady and orderly deployment. The following table recommends specific…
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World Energy Investment 2025 Source, flows and destination of global energy-related investment spending
Most energy investment is supported by commercial finance and made by private sponsors, but the sources of finance vary widely by technology and region. Today, 75% of the available finance for investment in the energy sector is commercial finance, but domestic and international public finance play important roles that vary widely across regions and sectors.
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Oil use in industry
Industry accounts for around 20% of global oil demand. Two-thirds of industrial oil demand is used as feedstock in the chemicals industry. There are options that can bring down oil demand in industry, and some flexibility on which oil products are used as petrochemical feedstocks. 10. Leverage flexibility with petrochemical feedstocks and implement short-term efficiency and maintenance measures Description: The majority of petrochemical production capacity in Asia and the European Union can technically switch between different oil products – such as LPG, naphtha, ethane or gasoil – as a feedstock without requiring equipment modifications. Prioritising the processing of oil feedstocks…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 4. TFC Solar PV project in South Africa
…industrial demand, can support both energy security and lower-carbon production in one of Africa’s most important mining economies.The project was announced during the 2024 China-South Africa Economic and Trade Forum, receiving support from both countries. Financing model and China’s role The TFC project is financed through a joint equity and debt structure, with CGN as the majority shareholder. Total project costs are estimated at more than RMB 500 million (about USD 70 million), with equity contributions from the CGN, CADFund and KONA Holdings. The exact equity split has not been disclosed.In September 2024, the…
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Scaling Up Transition Finance Financial institutions and transition finance
A complementary source of finance for transitions Transition finance rests on a practical partnership between corporates and financiers. Successful transitions need finance that goes where the emissions are; this means moving beyond the top performers and working with corporates with material environmental footprints that commit to transition strategies. A common alternative strategy, in which financial institutions simply shift emissions off their balance sheets, creates “financial carbon leakage” and does not reduce real-economy emissions.An IEA survey of financial institutions revealed that differences in regional taxonomies and frameworks pose challenges for cross-border financing. At the same time, it highlighted…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Trends in other EV modes
…supported the switch to electric trucks, especially in the steel and cement sectors. In addition, Stage 4 heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) fuel consumption standards came into effect in July 2025, requiring a 12-16% improvement compared to Stage 3 by including stricter fuel consumption limits, adjusting the testing procedure and expanding coverage.Sales of electric HFTs in China reached an impressive 28% of total HFT sales in 2025, up from 13% in 2024. exceeded 50%In December 2025, the EV sales share reached around 50% for the first time, reflecting an end-of-year surge in sales as fleet purchasers anticipated tha...
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Fertilisers
State of the transition Emissions Around 60-70% of fertiliser-related GHG emissions occur during fertiliser use; the rest occur during production. In total, fertilisers emit around 1.23 Gt CO2 equivalent per year globally.The emissions intensity of ammonia has fallen by 1.1% annually over the last 10 years, driven primarily by improvements in energy efficiency. Cost Excluding policies such as CO2 pricing, ammonia production today is estimated to cost on average 30% more using carbon capture and storage (CCS) and three times more using electrolysis when compared to conventional routes. Scale and narrowing price differentials with fossil fuels can…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case studies
…scale renewable deployment and grid modernisation to industrial decarbonisation, equity participation in regional infrastructure platforms and upstream resource development. Together, they show how different parts of China’s official financing system interact with local conditions, how technical capabilities are deployed across markets, and how risk-mitigation tools, co-investment structures and SOE balance-sheets shape outcomes on the ground.These case studies also demonstrate that China’s overseas energy engagement is not merely a response to market opportunities, but also an interaction with host countries’ conditions. These financing practices typically align with host governments’ national targets such as expanding renewable…