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Energy Efficiency 2025 Buildings
…population living in warmer climates and lower access to affordable energy services. Growing populations, rising incomes and hotter summers are increasing the total residential energy demand in EMDEs, however, particularly for space cooling. Addressing inefficient cooling technologies, ensuring new buildings are efficiently designed and constructed, and promoting clean cooking can help emerging and developing economies to accelerate efficiency progress. What are the key measures to accelerate progress? In advanced economies, the number of buildings is growing at a slow rate, and many existing buildings are poorly insulated. Accelerating retrofits to reduce heating and cooling energy demand, and electrifying heating systems…
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Global Energy Review 2025 Natural gas
Natural gas demand returned to structural growth in 2024 Following the supply shock of 2022 and 2023, natural gas markets moved towards a gradual rebalancing and returned to structural growth in 2024. Global gas demand reached a new all-time high, with over three-quarters of growth coming from emerging market and developing economies. Preliminary data indicate that gas demand increased by 2.7%, or 115 billion cubic metres (bcm) (equivalent to around 4 EJ) in 2024. This was above the around 2% annual average growth rate from 2010 to 2019 and well above the rate of around 1% between…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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Coal 2025 Demand
…dominant driver, supported by seasonal factors and hydropower variability, while non-power coal demand held broadly stable. China and India accounted for 71% of global consumption, reinforcing the eastward shift in demand.For 2025, global coal demand is projected to reach 8 845 Mt, setting a new record. The increase of around 40 Mt compared with 2024 is very similar to the forecast we made last year. While there were some unusual regional trends, they had the effect of cancelling each other out. The United States posted the largest absolute gain of about 37 Mt, supported by policy measures and higher gas prices. In the…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Renewables 2022 Renewable heat
Recent trends and policy update Heating is the world’s largest energy end use, accounting for almost half of global final energy consumption. Industrial processes are responsible for 53% of the final energy consumed for heat, while another 44% is used in buildings for space and water heating and, to a lesser extent, cooking. The remainder is used in agriculture, primarily for greenhouse heating. The heating sector is largely dominated by fossil fuels, with renewable energy sources meeting less than one-quarter of global heat demand in 2021 (and the traditional use of biomass makes up half this amount).With…
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Emissions: Power generation CO2 emissions are plateauing
Global emissions from electricity generation rose by 1.2% in 2024, following an increase of 1.6% in 2023. Last year was even hotter than in 2023 – making it the warmest year on record – with the heat waves boosting electricity demand for cooling. Nonetheless, growth in power sector emissions showed signs of slowing down as rapid deployment of renewables constrained increases in fossil-fired generation. As this trend continues, we expect 2025 emissions to plateau and remain relatively unchanged. In 2026, we forecast a slight decline of less than 1%, as the increase in low-emissions generation depresses fossil-fired…
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Key issues affecting biogas and biomethane projects
…now shifted to mid- and large-scale plants with diversified feedstock mixes. In India, government schemes exist both for biogas from livestock waste in rural areas and organic waste in municipal urban areas. In the United States, landfill gas is currently the main biogas feedstock, but this is set to change as new policies have been introduced that support biogas produced from manure on dairy farms. Sustainability, life-cycle emissions and methane Over the course of their life cycle, biogases both avoid and create emissions. The use of manure and landfilled food waste in particular captures materials that would…
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Gaining an Edge Opportunities in efficiency markets
As market demand grows, the manufacturing of energy efficiency technologies represents a new opportunity Facing volatile energy prices, rising energy security risks and stricter regulations, all sectors are turning to energy efficiency technologies to reduce consumption and manage these growing challenges. At the same time, governments around the world committed at COP28 in Dubai in 2023 to work collectively to double the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements.These dynamics have triggered a strong increase in demand for energy efficiency technologies. For example, the market for electric vehicles (EVs) and batteries has grown nearly six-fold from 2020…
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Introduction
Over the course of 2022 and 2023, the largest natural gas supply shock in history unfolded, developing from seemingly regional dynamics into a global shockwave in gas and wider energy markets. The crisis has yet to be entirely resolved in the 3 years that have since passed. However, the post-crisis gas market paradigm has started to emerge, making it possible to draw lessons from the most acute phase of the crisis that can be transposed from one region or market to another, or that can be achieved through collective action across the wider gas market. While gas dependency can…
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The Implications of Oil and Gas Field Decline Rates Executive summary
Discussions on the future of oil and gas often overemphasise demand drivers and underappreciate supply drivers Debate over the future of oil and natural gas tends to focus on the outlook for demand, with much less consideration given to how the supply picture could develop. This asymmetry is misplaced and a thorough understanding of the rate at which production from existing oil and gas fields declines over time is more important than ever. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has long examined this issue. Decline rates – the annual rate at which production declines from an existing oil or gas field – underpin…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Energy outlook to 2050 based on today’s policy settings
…expand and temperatures increase. Stronger minimum energy performance standards and better building codes could significantly reduce future cooling demand while improving affordability and resilience to heatwaves.Electricity demand more than doubles to 2050, requiring a rapid expansion and modernisation of power systems. Growth is driven mainly by buildings and industry, while data centres add a new source of highly localised demand: Southeast Asia already accounts for around 10% of data centre electricity demand in the Asia Pacific region. Coal remains the largest single source of generation, but low-emissions sources gain ground, especially in the STEPS. Gas use in the…
